Marketing Scales

The optimal way for use this webpage is utilizing the keyboard shortcut “control + F” on Windows or “command + F” on Mac, followed by selecting the desired notion to determine its scale. It is important to exercise caution when using scales for measuring concepts, ensuring that they are distinct from scales that just capture participants’ responses, such as the Likert scale or Stapel scale.

Absorption Disposition (Chang, 2011)

Seven-point Likert-type items are used to measure the degree to which a person becomes immersed in his/her mental imagery.

I can be greatly moved by eloquent or poetic language.
I like to watch cloud shapes change in the sky.
I think that I really know what some people mean when they talk about mystical experiences.
The crackle and flames of a wood fire stimulate my imagination.
I often take delight in small things.
When listening to organ music or other powerful music, I sometimes feel as if I am being lifted into the air.
I can be deeply moved by a sunset.

Abstractness (Aggarwal & Law, 2005)

Four bi-polar adjectives are used to measure the degree to which a person perceives a stimulus to have a quality characteristic of a broader class of stimuli rather than one particular stimulus.

abstract / concrete
broad / detailed
general / specific
indirect / direct

Acceptability of Alternative of Service Providers (Patterson & Smith, 2003)

The four-item scale measures the extent to which a customer believes that there are alternative providers of a service, they are all about the same, and there is no point in switching.

All __________are much the same, so it would not matter if I changed.
All __________offer a similar range of services.
All things considered, most __________ are similar.
All __________ give a similar level of service.

Acceptance of Sales Offer (Owner’s) (Srivastava & Oza, 2006)

Three, seven-point items are used to measure a buyer’s perception of the difficulty an owner of a product appears to have had in accepting the terms of the offer to purchase the product.

To what extent was the decision to accept your offer difficult for the owner?
How conflicted was the owner over the price you agreed upon?
How conflicted was the owner about your offer?

Account Planner Evaluation (Awards) (Morrison & Haley, 2003)

The scale is composed of four, five-point items that are intended to measure the extent to which a person believes the job performance of advertising agency account planners is judged by the awards and media attention received for the advertising. There were two versions of the scale, one to measure the way planners are currently being evaluated and another to measure the way they should be evaluated.

“How is work of planners currently being evaluated?”
“How should the work of planners be evaluated?”

Planning awards
Creative awards
Other awards
Media coverage of the advertising

Account Planner Evaluation (Market Metrics) (Morrison & Haley, 2003)

Eight, five-point items are used to measure the extent to which a person believes that standard measures that are primarily market-based are used to evaluate the job performance of advertising agency account planners. There were two versions of the scale, one to measure the way planners are currently being evaluated and another to measure the way they should be evaluated.

Target-market recall of advertising message.
Target-market recall of advertisements.
Target-market awareness of advertising.
Target-market awareness of brand.
Attitude change by target market toward product.
Purchase intention of target market.
Achievement of advertising objectives.
Increased sales or market share.

Account Planner Evaluation (Personal Feedback) (Morrison & Haley, 2003)

The scale has three, five-point items and assesses the degree to which a person believes that feedback from agency personnel as well as from the client are used to evaluate the job performance of advertising agency account planners. There were two versions of the scale, one to measure the way planners are currently being evaluated and another to measure the way they should be evaluated.

Feedback from the account team.
Feedback from the creative team.
Feedback from the client.

Accountability (Outcome) (Zhang & Mittal, 2005)

The scale has four, seven-point Likert-type statements that measure how much a person places emphasis on the consequences of a decision being made rather than the process being used because of the belief that he/she is responsible for the former rather than the latter.

When making this decision, I concentrated on the outcome of choosing.
I believed that I would have to explain the outcome of choosing to the researcher.
I worried mostly about getting the correct decision outcome, not about the decision process.
I was concerned mostly about getting the correct decision outcome.

Accountability (Procedural) (Zhang & Mittal, 2005)

The scale is composed of four, seven-point Likert-type items that are used to measure the degree to which a person places emphasis on the process of making a decision because of the belief he/she is responsible for the procedure used to make the decision rather than the outcome.

When making this decision, I concentrated on the process of choosing.
I believed that I would have to explain the process of choosing to the researcher.
I worried mostly about using the correct decision process, not about the final outcome.
I was concerned mostly about using the correct decision process.

Accountability Degree (Zhang & Mittal, 2005)

Four, seven-point items are used to measure the level of personal importance a person places on the outcome of a decision he/she is making.

How much responsibility did you feel for the outcome of this decision?
very little/very much
How concerned did you feel about the possibility of making a poor choice?
not at all concerned/very concerned
How important is this decision to you?
very unimportant/very important
How much will this decision affect you?
very little impact/very high impact.

Achievement Importance (Burroughs & Rindfleisch, 2002)

Five, nine-point statements are used to assess the value placed by a person on personal success with an emphasis on demonstration of competence in accordance with social standards so as to gain social approval.

Directions: Rate each value listed below as a guiding principle in your life using the following nine-point scale: opposed to my values (-1), not important (0), (1 and 2, unlabeled), important (3), (4 and 5, unlabeled), very important (6), and of supreme importance (7).

Successful (achieving goals)
Capable (competent, effective, efficient)
Ambitious (hardworking, aspiring)
Influential (having an impact on people and events)
Intelligent (logical, thinking)

Action Tendency (Chandran & Morwitz 2005)

Three, seven-point statements are used to measure the degree to which a person is resolved to take a particular course of action with regard to a certain decision.

How determined do you feel at the moment with respect to the decision on hand not at all determined / very determined
How determined do you feel to a certain course of action?
not at all committed / very committed
How prepared do you feel to use specific occasions or opportunities to act?
not at all prepared / very prepared

Ad-evoked Product Usage Thoughts (Escalas & Luce, 2004)

The scale is composed of three statements measuring how much the respondent reports thinking about personally using a product while watching a commercial in which the product is featured, particularly as it pertains to integrating the product into the daily routine.

While viewing the ad, did you think about using the product on a daily basis? not at all/very much
While viewing the ad, how much did you think about the possibility of changing your current habits or behavior in order to use the product effectively? not at all/very much
While viewing the ad, how much did you think about incorporating the product into your daily routine? not at all/very much.

Ad Message Construal Level (Abstract) (Ryoo, Hyun, and Sung, 2017)

This message explains the reasons for participating in the _.
This message introduces the purpose of the _.
This message is about the ultimate goal of the _.

Ad Message Construal Level (Concrete) (Ryoo, Hyun, and Sung, 2017)

This message suggests how to participate in the _.
This message explains the actions one should take in detail.
This message informs about the methods one can participate in the _.

Aesthetic Appeal (Wu, 2018)

beautiful
pretty
artistic
aesthetically pleasing

Aesthetic Appeal of Interior Design (Ridgway & Dawson, 1994)

The Likert-type scale measures the extent to which a consumer expresses a tendency to devote attention to design characteristics of some type of structure such as a store, mall, or office complex.

The interior design of __________ usually attracts my attention.
I notice colors and textures in __________ interiors.
I notice things in __________ interiors and architecture that pass other people by.
Compared to most people, I pay less attention to the interior designs of __________.(r)

Aesthetic Emotion (Tourism) (Zhang & Xu, 2020)

Visiting _________ gives me great pleasure.
Visiting _________ makes me feel relaxed.
_________ is one of my favorite tourist destinations.
Visiting _________ makes me feel spiritual sublimation.
Visiting _________ brings me into harmony with nature.

Aesthetic Evaluation (Lam & Mukherjee, 2005)

The scale has six, seven-point semantic differentials that are intended to measure the degree to which a person views something as being visually attractive.

Offensive / enjoyable
Poor-looking / nice-looking
displeasing / pleasing
unattractive / attractive
bad appearance / good appearance
ugly / beautiful

Aesthetic Quality (Tourism) (Kirillova & Lehto, 2015; Zhang & Xu, 2020).

Novelty

The scenery at _________ is diverse.
The scenery at _________ is novel.
The scenery at _________ is unique.

Balance

The artificial facilities at the scenic spot are in harmony with the natural environment.
The landscape and facilities at _________ are well-kept.
The natural landscape at _________ is authentic, not artificial.

Affective Response (General) (Kim, Lim, & Bhargava, 1998)

The scale is composed of three semantic differential items measuring one’s affective response to some stimulus.

unpleasant/pleasant
dislike very much/like very much
left me with a bad feeling/left me with a good feeling

Affective Response (Negative) (Richins, 1991)

Various versions of the scale have been used to measure the degree of negative affect one has toward some specified stimulus. Some of the scales differ in their temporal instructions while others vary in the items used. The items can be used to measure one’s mood state at a particular point in time or, at the other extreme, reference to a year’s time may be used as something more like a trait measure of affect. Richins’ (1991) version in particular is somewhat different in that it focuses just on a fear emotion rather than a broader negative affect. Similarly, Beatty and Ferrell (1998) were interested in the level of negative affect felt during a particular shopping trip and used a three item, seven-point version of the scale.

scared
afraid
upset
distressed
jittery
nervous
ashamed
guilty
irritable
hostile
panicky
troubled
sad
worried
regretful
remorseful
angry
edgy
depressed
uncomfortable
uneasy
tense

not at all/very much.
not at all/strongly.
disagree/agree.
not well at all/extremely well.
very slightly or not at all/extremely.

Affective Response (Negative) (Spangenberg, Sprott, Grohmann, & Smith, 2003)

The scale has four, seven-point uni-polar items that are used to measure the extent to which a person experiences negative affect after exposure to some stimulus.

disappointed
annoyed
guilty
self-critical

Does not apply at all (1) and applies very much (7).

Affective Response (Negative) (Moorman, Neijens, & Smit, 2002)

The five-item Likert-type scale measures a person’s negative affective reaction to some specific stimulus.

anger
agitation
annoying
disturbing
sadness

no agreement at all (1) and total agreement (7)

Affective Response (Positive) (Babin, Boles, & Darden, 1995)

It measures the degree of positive affect one has toward some specified stimulus. The items can be used to measure one’s mood state at a particular point in time or, at the other extreme, reference to a year’s time may be used as something more like a trait measure of affect.

enthusiastic
interested
determined
excited
inspired
alert
active
strong
proud
attentive
aroused
thrilled

Affective Response (Positive) (Spangenberg, Sprott, Grohmann, & Smith, 2003)

Four, seven-point uni-polar items are used to measure the extent to which a person expresses experiencing a positive affective reaction to some stimulus.

good
happy
optimistic
friendly

Affective Response (Positive) (Moorman, Neijens, & Smit, 2002)

The eight-item Likert-type scale measures a person’s positive affective reaction to some specific stimulus.

Fun
Entertaining
Amusing
Comfortable
Feeling good
Happy
Satisfaction
Joy

Affective Response (Positive) (Zhou 2005; Zhou & Soman 2003)

Directions: Please indicate your extent of agreement with each of the following phrases that describe how you feel at this point in time.

I feel very calm.
I feel very happy.
I feel very relieved.

Affective Response (Positive) (Shiv & Nowlis, 2004)

very little pleasure / a lot of pleasure
very little joy / a lot of joy
very little delight / a lot of delight
very little ecstasy / a lot of ecstasy
very little gratification / a lot of gratification

Affective Response to the Ad (Approval) (Bhat, Leigh, & Wardlow, 1998)

not at all stimulated / very stimulated
not at all interested / very interested
not at all involved / very involved
not at all happy / very happy
not at all envious / very envious
not at all curious / very curious
not at all loving / very loving
not at all excited / very excited
not at all wishful / very wishful

Affective Response to the Ad (Disapproval) (Bhat, Leigh, & Wardlow, 1998)

not at all skeptical / very skeptical.
not at all disgusted / very disgusted
not at all contemptuous / very contemptuous
not at all angry / very angry
not at all distrustful / very distrustful
not at all irritated / very irritated
not at all worried / very worried
not at all uneasy / very uneasy
not at all scornful / very scornful
not at all revolted / very revolted

Affective Response to the Ad (Empathy) (Escalas & Stern, 1998)

Directions: For the television commercial you just saw, please rate how descriptive each of the following statements is of how you personally reacted to this ad.

While watching the ad, I experienced feeling as if the events were really happening to me.
While watching the ad, I felt as though I were one of the characters.
While watching the ad, I felt as though the events in the ad were happening to me.
While watching the commercial, I experienced many of the same feelings that the characters portrayed.
While watching the commercial, I felt as if the characters’ feelings were my own.

Affective Response to the Ad (Positive) (Cline, Altsech, & Kellaris 2003)

extremely unhappy / extreme happy
uninteresting / interesting
dislike / like
not irritating / irritating

Affective Response to the Ad (Positive) (Moore & Harris, 1996)

While exposed to the advertisement, how strongly did you feel __________?

Emotional
Happy
Joyous
Warm
Moved
Touched
Sympathetic
Sad (r)
Sentimental
Delighted

Affective Response to the Ad (Positive) (Ahluwalia & Burnkrant 2004)

sad (r)
frustrated (r)
cheerful
bad mood (r)
happy
good mood

Affective Response to the Ad (Sympathy) (Escalas & Stern 2003)

Directions: For the television commercial you just saw, please rate how descriptive each of the following statements is of how you personally reacted to this ad.

Based on what was happening in the commercial, I understood what the characters were feeling.
Based on what was happening in the commercial, I understood what was bothering the characters.
While watching the ad, I tried to understand the events as they occurred.
While watching the ad, I tried to understand the characters’ motivation.
I was able to recognize the problems that the characters in the ad had.

Affinity(Papadopoulos, El Banna, & Murphy, 2017)

I have pleasant feelings when I think of _________.
I would like to travel to ___________.
The ___________ culture is very interesting.
I have heard good things about __________.
_________ people are friendly.
I feel a sense of attachment to ____________.

Ambivalence of Product Evaluation (Nowlis, Kahn, & Dhar 2002)

How indecisive are you when evaluating these products?
How conflicted do you feel when evaluating these products?
How much mixed emotion do you feel when evaluating these products?

Anger (Bougie, Pieters, & Zeelenberg 2003)

enraged
angry
mad

Anthropomorphism (Hart, Jones, & Royne, 2013)

To what extent does [product] seem to have a mind of its own?
To what extent does [product] seem to have intentions?
To what extent does [product] seem to have free will?
To what extent does [product] seem to have consciousness?
To what extent does [product] seem to experience emotions?

Anticipation (Affective) (Tonietto & Malkoc, 2016)

Excited
Thrilled
Looking forward to it
Resentful (r)
Unenthusiastic (r)
Reluctant (r)

Appreciation For Producers’ Efforts (Wu, 2018)

I notice when people work really hard to create something.
I really appreciate it when somebody takes the time and effort to make something.
I treasure something more when I know a lot of effort has gone into creating it.
I have an appreciation for products that reflect a great deal of effort on the maker’s part.
I value something more when I know it took a lot of time and energy to produce.

Anxiety (Burroughs 2005; Burroughs & Rindfleisch 2002)

I am often aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion (e.g, heart racing, skipping a beat).
I often experience dryness in my mouth.
I often experience difficulty breathing (e.g. excessively rapid breathing, breathlessness in the absence of physical exertion).
I often experience trembling (e.g. in the hands).
I worry about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself.
I often feel close to panic.
I often feel scared without any good reason.

Anticipated Emotion in Planned versus Unplanned Purchase(Sohel Ahmed & Ding Hooi Ting, 2023)

Positive anticipated emotion in a Planned Purchase (PsAEPP)

I expect excited feelings as the items I purchase are beneficial to me.
I expect delighted feelings as the items I purchase are useful to me.
I expect happy feelings as the items I purchase are wise purchases.
I expect glad feelings as the items I purchase are valuable to me.
I expect self-assured feelings as the items I purchase are rational purchases.

Negative anticipated emotion in a Planned Purchase (NgAEPP)

I expect angry feelings as the items I purchase are awful for me.
I expect frustrated feelings as the items I purchase are disagreeable to me.
I expect guilty feelings as the items I purchase are unpleasant to me.
I expect ashamed feelings as the items I purchase are foolish purchases.
I expect sad feelings as the items I purchase are meaningless to me.
I expect disappointed feelings as the items I purchase are useless to me.
I expect depressed feelings as the items I purchase are worthless to me.
I expect worried feelings as the items I purchase are harmful to me.
I expect uncomfortable feelings as the items I purchase are unpleasant to me.
I expect anxious feelings as the items I purchase are not useful.

Anticipated negative emotions in an Unplanned Purchase (NgAEUP)

I expect angry feelings as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.
I expect worry as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.
I expect depressed feelings as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.
I expect scared feelings as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.
I expect humiliated feelings as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.
I expect envious feelings as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.
I expect lonely feelings as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.
I expect passionate feelings as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.
I expect sentimental feelings as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.

Anticipated positive emotions in an Unplanned Purchase (PsAEUP)

I expect peaceful feelings as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.
I expect content and fulfilled feelings as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.
I expect pleased and joyful feelings as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.
I expect excited feeling as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.
I expect amazed feelings as I am able to switch from planned to unplanned purchases while effortlessly guided by the situational cue.

APPROVAL OF UNFRIENDLINESS TOWARDS THE EMPLOYEE (Albrecht et al., 2017)

I think that people would frown upon me if I were a bit impolite to the employee in the video.
Most people would think it is OK if I behave somewhat unfriendly toward the employee in the video.
Most people would approve if I am unfriendly toward the employee in the video.
People would approve if I don’t smile to the employee in the video.
People would approve if I had an unfriendly facial expression.
People would approve if I talked to the employee in an unfriendly way.
People would approve if I did not to say “thank you” to the employee.
People would approve if I did not say goodbye to the employee when leaving.

Arousal (Mehrabian & Russell 1974)

Directions: Rate your emotions according to the way the ________ made you feel.

stimulated / relaxed
excited / calm
frenzied / sluggish
jittery / dull
wide-awake / sleepy
aroused / unaroused

Attachment Anxiety (David, 2016)

I worry about being alone.
When I’m not involved in a relationship, I feel somewhat anxious and insecure.
I worry that people I have relationships with won’t care about me as much as I care about them.
My desire to be very close sometimes scares people away.
I worry a lot about my relationships.

Attachment To The Product (Winterich, Reczek, and Irwin, 2017)

I have no feelings for this product.
I am emotionally attached to this product.
I am sentimental about this product.
This product reminds me of memories and experiences.

Attention to the Product Information (Coleman et al., 2017)

I paid close attention to the product information.
I was very focused on the product information.
I ignored everything unrelated to the products __.
I only looked at the product information.

Attention to Ad (Message Relevance) (Laczniak & Muehling 1993; Andrews & Durvasula 1991)

. . . might be important to me.
. . . might be meaningful to me.
. . . might be ‘‘for me.’’
. . . might be worth remembering.
. . . might be of value to me.
. . . might be relevant to my needs.
. . . might be useful to me.
. . . might be worth paying attention.
. . . might be interesting to me.
. . . would give me new ideas.

Attention to the Ad (General) (Laczniak, Muehling, & Grossbart 1989; Muehling, Stoltman, & Grossbart 1990)

How much attention did you pay to __________.
How much did you concentrate on __________.
How involved were you with __________.
How much thought did you put into evaluating __________.
How much did you notice __________.

Attention to the Commercials (Jin 2004; Speck & Elliot, 1997)

I did not want to leave the room during the commercial breaks because I did not want to miss the ads.
I did not want to change the channel during the commercial break because I wanted to watch the ads.
How much attention did you pay to the ads during __________?

Attitude Certainity (Mathmann et al. 2017)

I am certain about the feelings about the _ I selected.
I am sure that my opinion about this _ is right.
My opinion about this _ is firm.
My opinion about this _ can be changed easily.
My view on this _ is definite.
I am convinced about my _.

Attitude Toward Corporate Philanthropy (Xie and Keh, 2016)

Not supportive / Supportive
Negative / Positive
Companies should not make such effort / Companies should make such effort
Not beneficial for the involved companies / Beneficial for the involved companies

Attitude Toward Following Others in Social Media (Roy et al. 2017)

In deciding to follow in _, would you say that: I would not care at all whom I follow / I would care a great deal whom I follow.
Do you think that the users of _ would be all very alike or all very different in terms of their trustworthiness for your following? They are all very alike / They are all very different
How important would it be for you to make a right choice of following a person in _? Not at all important / Extremely important
In making your decision to follow someone in _, how concerned would you be about the outcome of your choice? Not at all concerned / Very much concerned
How do you feel about the potential risk of following a wrong person in _? Insignificant risk to me / Very significant risk to me
How do you feel about potential personal loss caused by following a wrong person in _? A lot to lose / Little to lose

Attitude Toward Literacy Skills (Hamby & Brinberg, 2016)

To what extent do you think lack of literacy skills is an increasing problem?
To what extent do you think reading problems are a serious issue for low income families?
To what extent to you think literacy skills are important?
To what extent do you think that reading skills are a key to future success?
How much do you think low income families need programs to help with literacy development?
To what extent do you think that literacy programs should be enacted at an early age to be effective?

Attitude Toward Pesticide Use (Hamby & Brinberg, 2016)

Consumers should exercise caution when using pesticides.
Pesticide companies should be required to tell consumers about the risks involved in using their products.
Consumers should be careful when using chemicals such as pesticides in their homes.

Attitude Strength (Priester, Nayakankuppam, Fleming, & Godek, 2004)

not at all important / extremely important
not at all self-relevant / extremely self-relevant
not certain at all / extremely certain
have not thought about it at all / have thought about it a great deal

Attitude Toward the Act (General) (Oliver & Bearden, 1985)

bad / good
foolish / wise
harmful / beneficial
unpleasant / pleasant
unsafe / safe
punishing / rewarding
unsatisfactory / satisfactory
unfavorable / favorable
negative / positive
inferior / superior
poor /excellent
useless / useful
undesirable / desirable

Attitude Toward the Act (Boycotting) (Klein, Smith, & John 2004)

I would feel guilty if I bought __________ products.
I would feel uncomfortable if other people who are boycotting saw me purchasing or consuming __________ products.
My friends/my family are encouraging me to boycott __________.
I feel better about myself if I boycott __________.

Attitude Toward the Act (Purchase) (Berens, Riel, & Bruggen 2005)

If you were planning to buy a product of this type, would you choose this product?
Would you purchase this product?
If a friend were looking for a product of this type, would you advise him or her to purchase this product?

Attitude Toward the Ad (Affective) (Pham & Avnet, 2004)

catchy/not catchy
appeals to me/doesn’t appeal to me
excites me / doesn’t excite me

Attitude Toward the Ad (Believability) (Chang, 2011; Beltramini; MacKenzie & Lutz, 1989)

believable
trustworthy
credible
reasonable
convincing
unbiased

Attitude Toward the Ad (Cognitive) (Homer, 1995; Stafford, 1998)

The ad…

was believable.
was interesting
was informative
was well-designed
was easy-to-follow
was attention-getting
clear

Attitude Toward the Ad (Confusion) (Lastovicka 1983; Kalleberg & Kluegel, 1975)

I clearly understood the commercial. (r)
The commercial was too complex.
I was not sure what was going on in the commercial.
I was so busy watching the screen, I did not listen to the talk.
The commercial went by so quickly that it just did not make an impression on me.
It required a lot of effort to follow the commercial.

Attitude Toward the Ad (Entertaining) (Edwards, Li, & Lee, 2002)

The __________ ad I saw was . . .

attractive
enjoyable
entertaining
fun to watch

Attitude Toward the Ad (Evaluative Judgments) (Burke & Edell, 1986)

Directions: Please tell us how well you think each of the words listed below describes the ad you have just seen by putting a number to the right of the word. Here, we are interested in your thoughts about the ad, not the brand or product class. If you think the word describes the ad extremely well, put a 5; very well, put a 4; fairly well, put a 3; not very well, put a 2; not at all well, put a 1.

Believable
For me
Informative
Interesting
Irritating (r)
Meaningful to me
Phony (r)
Ridiculous (r)
Terrible (r)
Valuable
Worth remembering
Convincing
Important to me
Stupid (r)
Bad (r)

Attitude Toward the Ad (General) (Pelsmacker, Geuens, & Anckaert, 2002)

While watching/looking at this commercial/advertisement…

I got a positive impression.
I found it really something for me.
I found it interesting.
I found it credible.
I found it exaggerated. (r)
I found it attractive.

Attitude Toward the Ad (Novelty) (Sheinin, Vrai, & Ashley, 2011)

This ad is original.
This ad is different from my expectations of a print advertisement.
This ad is memorable.
This ad is visually interesting.
This ad is interesting.
This ad is different.

Attitude Toward Advertising (Role Portrayals) (Ford & LaTour, 1993)

Ads which I see show women as they really are.
Ads suggest that women are fundamentally dependent upon men.
Ads which I see show men as they really are.
Ads treat women mainly as ‘‘sex objects.’’
Ads which I see accurately portray women in most of their daily activities.
Ads suggest that women make important decisions.
Ads which I see accurately portray men in most of their daily activities.
Ads suggest that women don’t do important things.
Ads suggest that a woman’s place is in the home.
I’m more sensitive to the portrayal of women in advertising than I used to be.
I find the portrayal of women in advertising to be offensive.
Overall, I believe that the portrayal of women in advertising is changing for the better.

Attitude Toward Advertising (Skepticism) (Hardesty, Carlson, & Bearden, 2002; Obermiller, Spangenberg, & MacLachlan, 2005)

We can depend on getting the truth in most advertising.
Advertising’s aim is to inform the consumer.
I believe advertising is informative.
Advertising is generally truthful.
Advertising is a reliable source of information about the quality and performance of products.
Advertising is truth well told.
In general, advertising presents a true picture of the product being advertised.
I feel I’ve been accurately informed after viewing most advertisements.
Most advertising provides consumers with essential information.

Attitude Toward the Ad (Usefulness) (Sheinin, Varki, & Ashley, 2011)

This ad is believable.
This ad provides relevant information.
This ad does a good job of presenting the product’s benefits.
This ad does a good job of building the product’s image.
This ad provides practical information.

Attitude Toward the Ad (Violence) (Capella, Hill, Rapp, & Kees, 2010)

Hostile
Disturbing
Violent

Attitude Toward the Brand (Capabilities) (Thompson & Norton, 2011)

performs few functions / performs many functions
has few capabilities / has many capabilities
has few advantages / has many advantages

Attitude Toward the Company (General) (Homer, 1995)

Please express your attitudes toward _____________.

Negative / Positive
Unpleasant / Pleasant
Disagreeable / Agreeable
Worthless / Valuable
Bad / Good
Foolish / Wise
Unfavorable / Favorable
Dislike a lot / Like a lot
Useless / Useful

Attitude Toward the Company (Social Responsibility) (Folse, Niedrich, & Grau, 2010)

I think this company has a legitimate interest in this cause.
This is a socially responsible company.
This company is a good corporate citizen.
Helping others appears important to this company.
This promotion benefits research more than it benefits this company.

Attitude Toward the Color (Batra & Ghoshal, 2017)

I like this color.
This is a nice color.
This is a good color.

Attitude Toward the Company’s Charitable Contribution (Hildebrand et al. 2017)

effortful
kind
humane
sincere
sincere

Attitude Toward the Discussion Thread (Friendliness) (Hamilton, Schlosser, & Chen, 2017)

To what extent do you perceive the discussion thread as a friendly interaction between people?
How important to you was maintaining friendly relations with others when you replied to this thread?
How important to you was creating a relationship with the other participants in the discussion forum?

Attitude Toward the Experience (Affective) (Chun, Diehl, & MacInnis, 2017)

To what extent was your _ enjoyable? Not at all enjoyable / Very enjoyable
To what extent was your _ fun? Not at all fun / Very fun
To what extent was your _ good? Not at all good / Very good
To what extent did you like your _? Disliked it very much / Liked it very much

Attitude Toward the Food Product (GMO Content) (Berry, Burton, & Howlett, 2017)

Based on the _ advertisement that you just viewed, how likely is it that the _ in the advertisement contains genetically modified organisms (GMOs)? very unlikely / very likely
Based on the information presented in the advertisement, how likely is the _ to contain ingredients that have been genetically engineered? very unlikely / very likely
How probable is it that the _ presented in the advertisement contains ingredients that have been artificially manipulated? not probable / very probable

Attitude Toward Health Risk (Menon, Block, & Ramanathan 2002)

How concerned are you about __________? Not at all / Very
How interested are you in learning more about __________? Not at all / Very
Do you intend to be tested for __________? Will definitely not / Will definitely

Attitude Toward Political Advertising (Negative) (Pinkleton, Um, & Austin (2002)

Political campaigns are too mean-spirited.
Political campaigns are too negative.
It seems like political ads are against something more than they are for something.
Political advertising is too negative.

Attitude Toward Private Label Brands (Burton, Lichtenstein, Netemeyer, & Garretson, 1998)

Buying private label brands makes me feel good.
I love it when private label brands are available for the product categories I purchase.
For most product categories, the best buy is usually the private label brand.
In general, private label brands are poor-quality products. (r)
Considering the value for the money, I prefer private label brands to national brands.
When I buy a private label brand, I always feel that I am getting a good deal.

Attitude Toward the Product (Symbolic) (Aggarwal, Jun, & Huh, 2011)

The advertised product is:

expressive
prestigious
makes a statement.

Attitude Toward the Product (Utilitarian) (Aggarwal, Jun, & Huh, 2011)

The advertised product is:

practical
down-to-earth
pragmatic

Attitude Toward the Product Placement (Matches, Wirth, Schemer, & Kissling, 2011)

There was too much advertising in the TV story.
I felt disturbed by the placements in the report.
Obviously, companies were given the opportunity to place their brands in the program.
It was not really annoying to me that placements were put into the report (r).

Attitude Toward the Product/Brand (Hedonic) (Voss, Spangenberg, & Grohmann, 2003)

not fun/fun
dull/exciting
not delightful / delightful
not thrilling / thrilling
unenjoyable / enjoyable

Attitude Toward the Product/Brand (Utilitarian) (Voss, Spangenberg, & Grohmann, 2003)

effective / not effective
helpful / not helpful
functional / not functional
necessary / not necessary
practical / not practical

Attitude Toward the Product (Ziamou & Ratneshwar, 2003)

What is your overall opinion of _____________ ? very negative / very positive
How useful is _______________? not at all useful / very useful
How innovative is __________? minor variation of existing product / completely new product
How likely are you to subscribe to ___________ ? very unlikely / very likely

Attitude Toward the Product (Achievement Goal) (Bosmans & Baumgartner, 2005)

________________ can enhance my performance.
________________ can help me obtain my desires.
If I would use ______________, then I would use it to achieve positive outcomes (e.g. success and prestige) in my life.
_________________ can help me to achieve my ideals and dreams.

Attitude Toward the Product (Affective) (McAlexander, Schouten, & Koening, 2002)

I love my ______________.
My _____________ is one of my favorite possessions.
My _____________ is fun to use.

Attitude Toward the Product (High Tech) (Tybout, Sternthal, Malaviya, Bakamitsos, & Park, 2005)

dislike / like
unfavorable / favorable
unreliable / reliable
low quality / high quality
not valuable / valuable
bad / good
undesirable / desirable
poor performance / good performance
common / advanced
outdated technology / cutting edge technology
not durable / durable
not impressive / impressive
simple / sophisticated

Attitude Toward the Product (Knowledge Function) (Grewal, Mehta, & Kardes, 2004)

My _____________ makes my world more predictable.
My _____________ makes it easier for me to structure and organize my daily life.
My _____________ facilitates in understanding what happens in everyday life.
If I woke up and realized that I no longer had my _______________, I would be totally lost.
My _____________ makes me feel secure and safe in an uncertain world.
I would be confused without my _______________.
My _____________ makes it easier for me to comprehend my surroundings.

Attitude Toward the Product (Necessity-Luxury Status) (Grewal, Mehta, & Kardes, 2004)

Luxury for everyone.
Luxury for almost all people.
Luxury for the majority of people.
Necessity for the majority of people. (r)
Necessity for almost all people. (r)
Necessity for everyone. (r)

Attitude Toward the Product (Nutritiousness) (Kozup, Creyer, & Burton, 2003)

I think the nutrition level of this product is: poor/good.
Based on the information provided, how important would this product be as a part of a healthy diet? not important at all/very important.
This product is: bad for your heart/good for your heart.
Overall, how would you rate the level of nutritiousness suggested by the information provided? not nutritious at all/very nutritious.

Attitude Toward the Product (Protection Goal) (Bosmans & Baumgartner, 2005)

____________ is able to protect me.
With ____________ I obtain a sense of security.
If I would use ____________, then I would use it to prevent negative outcomes (e.g. illness or accidents) in my life.
_______________ can prevent problems.

Attitude Toward the Product (Public-Private Consumption) (Bearden & Etzel, 1982)

Public product for everyone.
Public product for almost all people.
Public product for the majority of people.
Private product for the majority of people. (r)
Private product for almost all people. (r)
Private product for everyone. (r)

Attitude Toward the Product (Social-Adjustive Function) (Grewal, Mehta, & Kardes, 2004)

It is important for my friend to know the brand of ______________ I possess.
_________________ are a symbol of social status.
My ________________ helps me in fitting into important social situations.
I like to be seen with my ______________.
The brand of _____________ that a person owns tells me a lot about that person.
My ____________ indicates to others the kind of person I am.

Attitude Toward the Product (Utilitarian Function) (Grewal, Mehta, & Kardes, 2004)

_______________ make it possible for people to maximize life’s rewards.
My ________________ instills confidence in me.
Whenever I am using my _______________, I am at ease.
My ______________ helps in minimizing life’s punishments.
I become more poised knowing that I own my _________________.
With ______________, daily worries vanish.

Attitude Toward the Product (Value-Expressive Function) (Grewal, Mehta, & Kardes, 2004)

_______________ reflect the kind of person I see myself to be.
My ___________________ helps ascertain my self-identity.
My ___________________ makes me feel good about myself
My ___________________ is an instrument of my self-expression.
My ___________________ plays a critical role in defining my self-concept.
My ___________________ helps me to establish the kind of person I see myself to be.

Attitude Toward the Product in the Ad (Lepkowska-White, Brashear, & Weinberger, 2003)

The product in this ad is attractive.
It is a good product.
I like this product.
It is a satisfactory product.

Attitude Toward Product Placement (Gould, Gupta, & Grabner-Kräuter, 2000)

I hate seeing brand name products in TV shows if they are placed for commercial purposes. (r)
I don’t mind if TV producers receive compensation from manufacturers for placing their brands in their shows.
It is highly unethical to influence a TV audience by using brand name products in TV shows. (r)
Manufacturers are misleading the audience by disguising brands as props in TV shows. (r)
The government should regulate the use of brand name products in TV shows. (r)
I prefer to see real brands in TV shows rather than fake/fictitious brands.
TV shows should use fictitious brands rather than existing brands. (r)
The presence of brand name products in TV shows makes the program more realistic.
I don’t mind if brand name products appear in TV shows.
The placement of brands in TV shows should be completely banned. (r)
TV shows should only contain those brands that are essential to a program’s realism. (r)
I don’t mind seeing brand name products in TV shows as long as they are not unrealistically shown.
I would consider using real brands as “commercials in disguise.” (r)
TV viewers are subconsciously influenced by the brands they see in TV shows. (r)
I often buy brands I see TV characters using or holding in TV shows.

Attitude Toward the Product Price (Adaval & Monroe, 2002)

extremely inexpensive / extremely expensive.
hurts very little to pay / hurts a lot to pay.
very low cost / very high cost.

Attitude Toward the Product Price (Suri & Monroe, 2003)

The advertised price for this ________________ was: very low/ very high.
I felt that the ______________ was: very cheap / very expensive.
I felt that the manufacturer’s advertised price for the ___________ was: very low/very high.

Attitude Toward the Product/Brand (General Evaluative) (Anand & Sternthal, 1990)

good/bad
like/dislike
pleasant/unpleasant
high quality/poor quality
agreeable/disagreable
satisfactory/dissatisfactory
wise/foolish
beneficial/harmful
favorable/unfavorable
distinctive/common
likable/dislikable
positive/negative
buy/would not buy
attractive/unattractive
enjoyable/unenjoyable
useful/useless
desirable/undesirable
nice/awful
important/unimportant
harmless/harmful
valuable/worthless
appetizing/unappetizing
unique/not unique
expensive/inexpensive
needed/not needed
fond of/ not fond of
superior/inferior
interesting/boring
tasteful/tasteless
appealing / unappealing
for me / not for me
appropriate/inappropriate
reasonable/unreasonable
value for money/ no value for money
fast/slow
healthy/unhealthy
would definitely consider buying it/ would definitely not consider buying it
effective / ineffective
strong/weak
responsible/irresponsible
would like to try/ would not like to try
favorite/least favorite
acceptable/unacceptable
carefully produced/not carefully produced
works well/work poorly
convincing/unconvincing
consistent/inconsistent
impresses me/does not impress me

Attitude Toward the Product-Brand (General Evaluative) (Peracchio & Meyers-Levy, 1994)

I would not purchase this product/I would purchase this product.
mediocre product/exceptional product.
not at all high quality/extremely high quality.
poor value/excellent value.
poorly made/well made.
boring/exciting.
not a worthwhile product/a worthwhile product.
unappealing product/appealing product.
common/unique.
I would not recommend it to a friend/I would recommend it to a friend.
very bad/very good.

Attitude Toward the Product-Brand (Healthiness) (Shiv & Nowlis, 2004)

healthy
wise
prudent

Attitude Toward the Product-Brand (Hedonic) (Voss, Spangenberg, & Grohmann, 2003)

not fun.fun
dull/exciting
not delightful/delightful
not thrilling/thrilling
unenjoyable/enjoyable

Attitude Toward Recycling (Baek & Yoon, 2017)

Negative / Positive
Unfavorable / Favorable
Undesirable / Desirable
Unnecessary / Necessary

Attitude Toward the Product-Brand (Hedonic) (Shiv & Nowlis, 2004)

pleasurable
delightful
gratifying

Attitude Toward the Product-Brand (Utilitarian) (Voss, Spangenberg, & Grohmann, 2003)

effective/not effective
helpful/not helpful
functional/not functional
necessary/not necessary
practical/not practical

Attitude Toward the Activity (Work-Likeness) (Tonietto & Malkoc, 2016)

Directions: On the scales below, please indicate how you would feel about __.

like a chore
obligation
effortful to do
commitment
like work

Attitude Toward the Ad (Credibility) (Kim, Ratneshwar, & Thorson, 2017)

This ad is generally truthful.
This ad leaves one feeling accurately informed.
This ad is believable.

Attitude Toward the Ad (Divergence) (Chen, Yang, & Smith 2016)

The ad broke away from habit-bound and stereotypical thinking.
The ad contained ideas that moved from one subject to another.
The ad connected objects that are usually unrelated.
The ad finished basic ideas so that they become more intricate.
The ad was artistically produced.

Attitude Toward the Ad (Gain/Loss Message) (Baek & Yoon 2017)

Costs / Benefits
Losses / Gains
Negative outcomes / Positive outcomes

Attitude Toward the Ad (Joyful Nostalgia) (Hartmann, Apaolaza, & Eisend, 2016)

While seeing the ad I was transported back to joyful moments in my life.
The ad reminded me of some positive events that have happened to me in the past.
The ad made me think of pleasant experiences I have had.
The images in the ad take me back to positive moments in my life.
The ad makes me think back in joyful events in my life.

Attitude Toward the Ad (Language Comprehension) (Lin & Wang, 2016)

I understand the meaning of the words in the advertisement.
I am familiar with the language used in the advertisement.
I am proficient in the language used in the advertisement.

Attitude Toward the Ad (Narrativeness) (Kim, Ratneshwar, & Thorson, 2017)

The commercial tells a story.
The commercial shows the main actors or characters in a story.
The commercial shows a series of events unfolded in a story form.
The commercial shows when and where things happened in a story.
The commercial shows why things happened in a story.

Attitude Toward the Ad (Relevance) (Chen, Yang, & Smith, 2016)

The ad was very relevant to me.
The ad spoke to my concerns.
The advertised good/service fits my needs well.
The advertised good/service is important to me.

Attitude Toward the Ad (Supporting a Cause) (Grinstein & Kronrod, 2016)

Seeing this ad would make me talk with friends and family about the _.
Seeing this ad makes me think that the cause __ promotes is important.
Seeing this ad makes me more willing to contribute my time to __.
Seeing this ad makes me want to volunteer for _.
Seeing this ad makes me more willing to donate money to _.
Seeing this ad makes me more likely to Like _ on Facebook.

Attitude Toward the Bank (Isaac, Brough, & Grayson, 2016)

If I needed to open a bank account, __ would be an excellent choice.
I would feel confident banking at __.
I believe that __ is probably one of the best places to put my money.

Attitude Toward the Brand (Luxury) (Hagtvedt & Patrick, 2016)

Inexpensive / Expensive
Low-end / High-end
Value-for-money / Luxury

Attitude Toward the Brand Name (Van Horen & Pieters, 2017)

negative / positive
bad / good
uninteresting / interesting
unattractive / attractive

Attitude Toward the Brand’s Price (Heinberg, Ozkaya, & Taube, 2016)

. _ has attractive prices.
_ is a good buy.
_ is available for reasonable prices.

Attitude Toward the Salesperson (Brown, 1995; Lee & Lim, 2010)

bad / good
ineffective / effective
unpleasant / pleasant
not useful / useful
unlikable / likable
unhelpful / helpful

Attitude Toward Selling the Object (McGraw, Tetlock, & Kristel 2003)

I would reject the idea as completely inappropriate.
I would be happy to sell the object at the right price. (r)
I would find the request strange or out of the ordinary.
I would be insulted by the offer to buy the object.
I would find it difficult to sell the object at the right price.

Attitude Toward Store Background Music (Baker, Levy, & Grewal 1992)

The background music would make shopping in this store pleasant.
If I shopped at this store, the background music would bother me. (r)
The background music was appropriate.

Attitude Toward Teenage Smokers (Pechmann & Knight 2002)

fun / boring
well-liked / disliked
sexy / not sexy
desirable to date / undesirable to date
successful / unsuccessful
smart / dumb
intelligent / stupid
healthy / unhealthy
well / sickly
natural smelling / stinky
cool / uncool
winner / loser

Autonomy (Kim, Chen, & Zhang, 2016; Belleza, Gino, & Keinan, 2014)

It was my own effort that determined my overall performance in this game.
I think I should take all the credit for finishing this game.

Awareness of the environmental issue (Magnier, Mugge, & Schoormans, 2019)

I know about the environmental issue related to the plastic soup.
The plastic in the oceans represents a serious threat to sea life.
Microplastics formed by the disintegration of plastics in the ocean are dangerous to humans.

Awareness of ocean plastic recycling (Magnier, Mugge, & Schoormans, 2019)

I was already familiar with products made of ocean plastic.
I was aware that companies are now producing products with plastic reclaimed from the ocean.
I knew that products made of ocean plastic exist.

Belief in the Powers of Mindfulness (Masoumeh Rahmani, Valerie van Mulukom & Miguel Farias, 2023)

Mindfulness Meditation makes us much more compassionate
Accepting reality without judgements has enabled me to develop more meaningful relationships with others
Mindfulness Meditation allows me to see the negative aspects of my behaviour and to improve my relationship with others
If everyone did Mindfulness Meditation, there would be much less violence in the world
Mindfulness Meditation should be taught as part of the school curricula
Mindfulness Meditation provides me with the tool to navigate an inner map to wisdom
Mindfulness Meditation allows me to understand the truth about myself and others
Becoming mindful is something I really value in my life
Mindfulness Meditation allows me to see the negative aspects of my behaviour and to improve myself

Big Five Personality (Flynn & Swilley, 2007; Goldsmith, 2016)

Compared to most of my peers, I see myself as someone who …

Emotional Stability

… is relaxed, handles stress well.
… is emotionally stable, not easily upset.
… remains calm in tense situations

Extraversion

… as someone who is talkative.
… as someone who is quiet.
… as someone who is outgoing, sociable.

Agreeableness

… as someone who is considerate and kind to almost everyone.
… as someone who likes to cooperate with others.
… as someone who is sometimes rude to others.

Conscientiousness

… does a thorough job.
… can be somewhat careless.
… does things efficiently.

Openness

… is original, comes up with new ideas.
… has an active imagination.
… is inventive.

Brand Addiction (Mrad & Cui, 2019)

I try very hard to get everything from my favorite brand.
I often fail to control myself from purchasing products of my favorite brand.
I often find myself thinking about my favorite brand.
I tend to give up some life activities and duties such as the occupational, academic and familial in order to fulfill some activities related to my favorite brand.
I tend to allocate certain portion of my monthly income to buy the products of my favorite brand.
I follow my favorite brand’s news all the time.
I usually plan when the next purchase of my favorite brand will be.
I would invest my money in some way to my favorite brand in order to support it.

Brand Advocacy (Melancon, Noble, & Noble, 2011; Choi, Kroff, & Kim, 2021)

When other Facebook users are looking for advice about [brand name], I refer it to them.
[Brand name] is the first brand I recommend to other Facebook users.
I recommend [brand name] to other Facebook users.
I would defend [brand name] to other Facebook users if I heard someone speaking poorly about it.

Brand Anthropomorphism (Rauschnabel & Ahuvia, 2014)

To what extent does the brand and its products seem to have a own, good free will?
To what extent does the brand and its products seem to experience positive emotions?
To what extent does the brand and its products seem to have an own positive conscious?

Brand Anthropomorphism (Aggarwal & McGill, 2007)

This brand has come alive (like a person) in your mind.
This brand reminds you of some humanlike qualities.

Brand Anthropomorphism (Golossenko, Pillai, & Aroean, 2020)

Appearance

This brand looks human-like.
This brand is life-like.
This brand has human-like appearance.

Moral virtue

This brand is trustworthy.
This brand is honest.
This brand is principled.

Cognitive experience

This brand can engage in a great deal of thought.
This brand can imagine things on its own.
This brand is capable of reasoning.

Conscious emotionality

This brand can experience remorse over actions which it deems to be shameful.
This brand can experience compassion for people who feel down.
This brand can experience guilt when it hurts someone with its behavior.
This brand can experience shame when people have negative views and judgments about it.

Brand Attachment (Thomson, MacInnis, & Park, 2005)

Affection
My feeling towards this brand can be characterized by:

Affection
Peacefulness/calmness
Friendliness

Passion
My feelings towards this brand can be characterized by:

Passion
Delight
Captivation

Connection
My feelings toward this brand can be characterized by:

Connected to
Bonded to
Attached to

Brand Attachment (Park, MacInnis, Priester, & Einsingerich, 2010)

To what extent is [this brand] part of you and who you are?
To what extent do you feel that you are personally connected to [this brand]?
To what extent are your thoughts and feelings towards [this brand] often automatics, coming to mind seemingly on their own?
To what extent do your thoughts and feelings towards [this brand] come to you naturally and instantly?

Or (Frasquet, Descals, & Ruiz-Molina, 2017)

The brand XYZ is part of me and who I am.
I feel personally connected to XYZ.
My thoughts and feelings toward XYZ are often automatic, coming to mind seemingly on their own.
My thoughts and feelings toward XYZ come to my mind naturally and instantly.

Brand Attachment (Emotional) (Thorbjornsen, Supphellen, Nysveen, & Pedersen, 2002)

I feel my relationship with the brand is exclusive and special.
I have a great affection toward the brand.
The brand has always been good to me.

Brand Authenticity (Napoli, Dickinson, Beverland, & Farrelly, 2014)

Quality

Quality is central to the brand.
Only the finest ingredients/materials are used in the manufacture of this brand.
The brand is made to the most exacting standards, where everything the firm does is aimed at improving quality.
The brand is manufactured to the most stringiest quality standards.
It feels like artisan skills and customized manufacturing processes have been retained in the production of this brand.
The brand is potent symbol of continued quality.
The brand is made by a master craftsman who pays attention to detail and is involved throughout the production process.
The firm is committed to retaining long-held quality standards for the brand.
The brand has a mark of distinction that signifies quality.

Heritage

The brand has a strong connection to an historical period in time, culture, and/or specific region.
The brand has a strong link to the past, which is still perpetuate and celebrated to this day.
The brand reminds me of a golden age.
The brand exudes a sense of tradition
The brand reinforces and builds on long-held traditions.
The brand reflects a timeless design.

Sincerity

The brand remains true to its espoused values.
The brand refuses to compromise the values upon which it was founded.
The brand has stuck to its principles.
The brand builds on traditions that began with its founder.

Bleisure Travel Experience(Sheng-Hshiung Tsaur & Cheng-Hsien Tsai, 2023)

Job-related learning experience

Allows me to learn knowledge related to my work.
Allows me to learn knowledge related to my industry.
This is an educational journey.
Provides me with an opportunity for self-growth.

Sociocultural experience

Helps me find new collaborators (suppliers or channels).
Allows me to interact and conduct exchanges with locals.
Allows me to understand locals’ lifestyle.
Allows me to share locals’ work values.
Allows me to experience local cultures and characteristics.
Allows me to taste unique local cuisine.

Prestige experience

The travel method is approved by my enterprise.
This travel method reflects my social status.
I take pride in being involved in this task.
.I feel respected by others.

Smart technology experience

I can easily download local travel apps.
Smart technology helps me with my local travel.
I can use smart technology to share travel-related information with
others.
I can use smart technology to interact with others.
I can use smart technology to gain personalized (customized)
information.

Entertainment experience

I am interested in participating in local leisure activities.
Local leisure activities (or performances) are attractive to me.
I like local leisure activities (or performances).
I find local leisure activities (or performances) fun.
Participating in local leisure activities is pleasurable.

Escapist experience

Makes me imagine that I am a different person.
Makes me completely escape reality.
Makes me forget my daily routine.
Makes me feel as if I am in a different world.

Brand Authenticity (Bruhn, Schoenmüller, Schäfer, & Heinrich, 2012)

Continuity

I think this brand is consistent over time.
I think this brand stays true to itself.
This brand offers continuity.
This brand has a clear concept that it pursues.

Originality

This brand is different from all other brands
This brand stands out from other brands.
I think this brand is unique.
This brand clearly distinguishes itself from other brands.

Reliability

My experience of this brand has shown me that it keeps its promises.
This brand delivers what it promises.
This brand’s promises are credible.
This brand makes reliable promises.

Naturalness

This brand does not seem artificial.
This brand makes a genuine impression.
This brand gives the impression of being natural.

Brand Authenticity (Schallehn, Burmann, & Riley, 2014)

Brand [X] possesses a clear philosophy which guides the brand promise.
Brand [X] knows exactly what it stands for and does not promise anything which contradicts its essence and character.
Considering its brand promise, the brand [X] does not pretend to be someone else.
Considering its brand promise, brand [X] doesn’t curry favor with its target group; moreover, it shows self-esteem.
Brand [X] distorts itself, to match contemporary market trends (b)
The saying “you trim your sails to every wind that blows” describes brand [X] adequately (b)

Notes: a [X] indicates a brand name; b Reverse-coded

Brand Choice Intention (Phung, Ly, & Nguyen, 2019)

Even if this restaurant is similar to others, it seems smarter to choose this restaurant.
This restaurant is always a better choice compared to its rival restaurants.
It makes sense to choose this restaurant instead of any other ethnic restaurants, even if they are the same.
This restaurant is my favorite restaurant among all other competing ethnic restaurants.

Brand Community Identification (Algesheimer, Dholakia, & Herrmann, 2005)

I am very attached to the brand community.
If brand community members planned something, I’d think of it as something “we” would do rather than something “they” would do.
I see myself as a part of the brand community.

Brand Credibility (Erdem & Swait, 1998, 2004)

Expertise

[Brand] reminds me of someone who is competent and knows what he/she is doing.
[Brand] has the ability to deliver what it promises.

Trustworthiness

[Brand] delivers what it promises.
[Brand]’s product claims are believable.
Over time, my experiences with [Brand] had led me to expect it to keep its promises, no more and no less.
[Brand] has a name you can trust.

Brand Distance (Grégoire, Tripp, & Legoux, 2009)

I wan to

Keep the largest distance between this brand and me.
Avoid buying this brand in the future.
Not consume this brand.
Avoid this brand

Brand Engagement (Vivek, 2009; So, King, & Sparks, 2014; Xi & Hamari, 2020)

Emotional dimension

I feel excited about this brand.
I am heavily into this brand.
I am passionate about this brand.
I am enthusiastic about this brand.
I love this brand

Cognitive dimension

I like to learn more about this brand.
I pay a lot of attention to anything about this brand.
Anything related to this brand grabs my attention.
I think about the brand a lot.

Social dimension

I love talking and using products of the brand with my friends.
I enjoy talking and using products of the brand more when I am with others.
Talking and using products of the brand are more fun when other people around me do it too.
I feel good about sharing my experiences with the products of the brand with others.
I feel fellowship with other people who use the products of the brand.
I like recommending the products of the brand to others.

Brand Engagement (Online Community) (Paruthi and Kaur, 2017)

Conscious Attention

I like to know more about X.
I like events that are related to X.
I like to learn more about X.
I pay a lot of attention to anything about X.
I keep up with things related to X.
Anything related to X grabs my attention.

Affection

Engaging with X makes me feel happy.
I feel the experience on X to be pleasurable.
Browsing X satisfies me.

Enthused Participation

I spend a lot of my free time on X.
I am heavily into X.
I am passionate about X.
I try to fit accessing X into my schedule.

Social Connection

I love accessing X with my friends.
I enjoy using X more when I am with others.

Brand Equity (Yoo, Donthu, & Lee, 2000)

The scale is composed of four-point Likert-type statements measuring the relative value of a specified brand to a consumer compared to similar competing brands due to its name (above and beyond its features and quality)

It makes sense to buy __________ instead of any other brand, even if they are the same.
Even if another brand has the same features as __________, I would prefer to buy __________.
If there is another brand as good as __________, I prefer to buy __________.
If another brand is not different from __________ in any way, it seems smarter to purchase __________. *The brand name of a product should be placed in the blanks

Brand Experience (Brakus, Schmitt, & Zarantonello, 2009)

Sensory Experience

This brand makes a strong impression on my visual sense or other senses.
I find this brand interesting in a sensory way.
This brand does not appeal to my senses.

Affective Experience

This brand induces feelings and sentiments.
I do not have strong emotions for this brand.
This brand is an emotional brand.

Behavioral Experience

I engage in physical actions and behaviors when I use this brand.
This brand results in bodily experiences.
This brand is not action oriented.

Intellectual Experience

I engage in a lot of thinking when I encounter this brand.
This brand does not make me think.
This brand stimulates my curiosity and problem solving.

Brand Experience (Dynamic) (Yu, Yuan, Kim, & Wang, 2020)

Thinking Experience

Engagement with this platform sparked my intellectual thinking.
I have been creative in participating in the platform’s interaction.
Some activities on the platform stirred my curiosity.
Engagement with this platform sparked my creative thinking.

Related Experience

Because of using the brand, I associated with people who are similar to me on the brand interaction platform.
I think about relationships with the rest of the platform because of using the brand.
Because of using the platform, I have association about common interests with other people.

Sensory Experience

The platform’s brad name gives me a strong impression on the senses of sight and hearing.
The platform’s information about the brand always appeals to me sensually.
I will be interested when I see, hear or come into contact with the brand on the social networking platform.

Consistent Experience

It’s very helpful for me to get the experience of the brand in the social networking environment.
Overall, the brand experience in the social networking environment with help me correctly evaluate the quality and performance of the branded products offline.
The results of the brand experience I gained in the social networking environment can provide a reference for offline product testing.

Affective Experience

The brand has a special meaning to me.
I’ve had a strong feeling for the brand through the platform.
It’s fun to engage in brand-related activities on the platform.

Behavior Experience

I am always interested in learning more about this brand on the platform.
I am willing to talk to other people on the platform about the brand.

(Online) Brand Experience (Morgan-Thomas & Velotsou, 2013)

The web page layout is appealing.
It is easy to navigate.
Results are always returned promptly.
The results are always up to date.
Accurate search results are always returned.

(Online Corporate) Brand Experience (Khan, Rahman, & Fatma, 2016)

Corporate visual identity

“Corporate brand name” makes a strong impression on my senses.
“Slogan” of this corporate brand provides me an interesting sensory experience.
“Corporate brand logo” of this organization induces my feelings and sentiments.
I find “color” of this corporate brand appealing to my senses.

Emotional experience

I feel “happy” when I do online transactions with this corporate brand.
When I use this corporate brand, it provides me “confidence”.
Being a customer of this corporate brand, I feel “relieved”.
Incomplete transaction/system failure makes me “worry”.

Functionality

Having “skill” supports in processing transaction.
I find “knowledge” about the online process useful.
I enjoy “freedom” using this online banking website.
I find it easy to “control” my transactions with this corporate brand.
This corporate brand offers “interactive” online process.

Lifestyle

Online transaction with this corporate brand has “simplified my lifestyle”.
I find “time flexibility” in managing my bank account with this corporate brand.
It is interesting to use the service of this corporate brand “at any place”.

Corporate/self-identity

I “feel related” with others who used the same corporate brand.
I find using this corporate brand “important in my life”.
Using this corporate brand offers me more “prestige”.

Brand Familiarity (Kent & Allen, 1994; Gong, 2018)

I am familiar with this brand.
I am experienced with this brand.
I am knowledgeable about this brand.

(Perceived) Brand Globalness (Steenkamp, Bartra, & Alden, 2003)

To me this is a global brand/to me this is a local brand.
I don’t think consumers overseas buy this brand/I do think consumers overseas buy this brand.
This brand is sold only in Pakistan/This brand is sold all over the world.

Brand Heritage (Fritz, Schoenmueller, & Bruhn, 2017)

X is a brand with tradition.
The brand X is characterized by its own history.
The promises of X are closely linked to its tradition.
The brand X is conscious of tradition.

Brand Heritage (Pecot, Valettte-Florence, & De Barnier, 2019)

Stability

A stable brand.
A brand that won’t disappear tomorrow
A brand which will never go out of fashion
A timeless brand
A brand that is very continuous.
A brand that has existed for a long time

Longevity

A brand exuding a sense of tradition.
A brand that reinforces and build on long-held traditions.
A brand with roots.
A brand that has a strong link to the past.
A brand pointing to its founding date.

Adaptability

A brand that renews itself.
A brand tEmerging trends in Business to Business to Customer (B2B2C)(Rejikumar G. & Aswathy Asokan-Ajitha, 2023)hat know how to reinvent itself.

Brand (Corporate) Hypocrisy (Wagner, Lutz, & Weitz, 2009; Arli, Grace, Palmer, & Pham, 2017)

… acts hypocritically.
What … says and does are two different things.
… pretends to be something that is not.

Brand Identification (Kuenzel & Halliday, 2008; Mael & Ashforth, 1992; Han, Ekinci, Chen, Park, 2019)

I feel good when I see a positive report in the media about this brand.
I am interested in what others think about this brand.
When someone praises this brand, it feels like a personal compliment.

Brand Identification of salespeople (Hughes, Richards, Calantone, Baldus, & Spreng, 2019)

Target Brand’s successes are my successes.
When someone praises Target Brand, it feels like a personal compliment.
I am very interested in what other people have to say about Target Brand.
When I talk about Target Brand, I generally say “we” rather than “they”.
When someone criticizes Target brand, it feels like a personal insult.
When I think about what Target Brand represents as a brand, it is very similar to how I view myself.

Brand Image (Attributes) (Ismail & Spinelli, 2012)

Elegant
Sophisticated
Reputation for quality
Fashionable and trendy
Well known and prestigious

Brand Image (Symbolic) (Lassar, Mittal, & Sharma, 1995)

This brand fits my personality.
In its status and style, this brand matches my personality.
I would be proud to own this brand.
This brand will be well regarded.

Brand Image (Attitude, Attributes) (Park & Rabolt, 2009)

Positive/negative
Romantic/practical
Elegant/inelegant
Sexy/unappealing
Trendy/outdated

Brand Image (Attributes, Experiential) (Faircloth, Capella, & Alford, 2001)

Dominating–submissive
Modest–vain / Thrifty–indulgent
Colorless–colorful
Excitable—calm

Brand Image (Attributes, Experiential) (Low & Lamb, 2000)

Friendly/unfriendly
Modern/outdated
Useful/not useful
Popular/unpopular
Gentle/harsh
Artificial/natural
Attractive/unattractive package
Exciting/boring
Fun/not fun
Good color/bad color
Attractive/unattractive appearance
Creamy/not creamy
Good reputation/bad reputation
Good style/bad style
Bad taste/Good taste
Appetizing/unappetizing
Durable/not durable
Good ingredients/Bad ingredients
Soft/hard
Nutritious/Not nutritious
Moist/dry
Fresh/stale
A good reputation/A bad reputation
Not challenging/challenging
High quality/low quality
Good performance/poor performance

Brand Image (Attributes, Symbolic) (Kim, Kim, & An, 2003)

It is big and spacious
It offers high level of service
Service is sometimes excessive to me
The staff is very kind
It is expensive
It has a long history
It has a very clean image
It has a differentiated image from others
It is a suitable place for high class
It is luxurious
It is comfortable
I become special
It is familiar to me

Brand Image (Attributes, Attitude, Experiential) (Esch, Langer, Schmitt, & Geus, 2006)

The perceived quality of the brand
Overall attitude toward the brand
The brand’s overall affect

Brand Image (Attributes, Symbolic, Experiential) (Chang & Chieng, 2006)

This store focuses on product quality.
This store offers me a sense of group belonging.
This store meets my sensory enjoyment.
This store satisfies my desire.

Brand Innovativeness (Eisingerich & Rubera, 2010)

I can rely on this brand to offer novel products for my needs.
This brand provides new products adapted to my needs.

Brand Innovativeness (Fang, 2008; Coelho, Barraida, & Coelho, 2019)

This brand is very innovative in its industry.
This brand challenges existing market ideas.
This brand brings new ideas to its market.
This brand is creative.

Brand Legitimacy (Randrianasolo & Arnold, 2020)

Cognitive legitimacy

This brand is a permanent part of my community.
This brand is a necessary part of my community.
This brand is an inevitable part of my community.
My community depends on this brand.

Moral legitimacy

This brand is honest.
This brand is trustworthy.
This brand is decent.
This brand is wise.

Pragmatic legitimacy

This brand’s activities benefit me.
This brand’s activities have my best interests at heart.
This brand’s activities have my community’s best interests at heart.
This brand share my values.

Brand Loyalty (Chaudhuri & Holbrook, 2001)

I will continue to purchase [this brand] even if it increases price.
I intend to keep purchasing [this brand].
I will recommend [this brand] to someone who seeks my advice.

Brand Moral Violation (Delzen, 2014)

This brand acts irresponsibly.
This brand acts unethically.
This brand violates moral standards.
This brand does not match my values and beliefs.

Brand Nostalgia (Ford, Merchant, Bartier, & Friedman, 2018)

This brand/product reminds me of happy times I spent with my family.
This brand/product reminds me of pleasant times from my childhood.
This brand/product calls up positive feelings related to the past.
This brand/product reminds me of the good old days.

Brand Oldness (Ford, Merchant, Bartier, & Friedman, 2018)

This brand has existed for a long time.
This brand is a historic brand.
This brand is rooted in the past.
This is an old brand.
This is an outdated brand.
This brand has been around for a long time.
This brand has history.
This brand has been around since I was a child.
I have known this brand for a long time.
This brand is not a new brand.

Brand Oldness Associations (Huaman-Ramirez, Maaninou, Merunka, & Cova, 2020)

Decline

This brand is less present than before.
This brand is struggling to catch up.
This brand is on its last legs.

Expertise

This brand has accumulated expertise.
This brand has acquired know-how.
This brand is able to make good products.

Maintenance

This brand has renewed itself to last.
This brand has adapted over time.
This brand often updates itself.

Reminiscence

This brand reminds me of my childhood/youth.
This brand evokes my past.
This brand reminds me of certain moments in my life.

Timelessness

This brand is eternal.
This brand is immortal.
This brand is timeless.

Tradition

This brand is traditional.
This brand is artisanal.
This brand is conservative.

Brand Orientation (Piha, Papadas, & Davvetas, 2021)

Brand importance

Our brand is among our most valuable assets.
We believe that branding is one of the most important ways to acquire and maintain a good market position.
Our brand provides, in large, the reason for the existence of our company.
Branding is a top priority in our company.
For us a brand is much more than just a name and a logo

Brand consistency

Our marketing activities are constantly coordinated so that a unified image regarding our brand is given to our customers.
One can identify our brand’s values in every marketing activity we do.
Even when we are really stressed about sales and numbers, we do not proceed to activities that may endanger our brand’s image.
Anything that may affect our brand’s image is aligned with their positioning.
No matter what changes are taking placee in our firm, our brand values remain constant.
We make sure our brand’s image does not get muddled with conflicting marketing messages.
Before making any change in our organizational strategy, we take into serious account the effect it may have on our brand.

Brand differentiation

We make sure our brand has distinct competitive advantages.
We differentiate our brand from competition in an easily identifiable way.
Our brand’s positioning establishes competitive superiority.
We create brands with unique identity.
We have clearly defined our brand’s core values.

Brand intelligence

We periodically monitor customers’ perceptions regarding competitive brands.
We develop detailed knowledge of customers’ perceptions for our brand.
We run market studies on a frequent basis to define where we have to refine or redirect our brand building efforts.
We have a continuous system in place to monitor our employees’ perceptions regarding our brand.

Brand Ownership (Gong, 2018)

I feel a very high degree of personal ownership for this brand.
I sense that this is MY brand.
It is easy for me to think about this brand as MINE.

Brand Personality (E-Retailer Website) (Poddar, Donthu, & Wei, 2009)

Enthusiasm: welcoming, enthusiastic, lively, dynamic, congenial.
Genuineness: honest, sincere, reliable, true, trustful, genuine.
Solidity: hardy, solid, thriving.
Sophistication: chic, high class, elegant, stylish, with a snobbish feel.
Pleasantness: not annoying, not irritating, not loud, not superficial.

Brand Personality (Store) (d’Astous & Levesque, 2003)

Enthusiasm: welcoming, enthusiastic, lively, dynamic.
Sophistication: chic, high class, elegant, stylish.
Unpleasantness: annoying, irritating, loud, superficial.
Genuineness: honest, sincere, reliable, true.
Solidity: hardy, solid, reputable, thriving.

Brand Personality (University) (Rauschnabel, Krey, Babin, & Viens, 2016)

Prestige: accepted, leading, reputable, successful, considerable.
Sincerity: humane, helpful, friendly, trustworthy, fair.
Appeal: attractive, productive, special.
Lively: athletic, dynamic, lively, creative.
Conscientiousness: organized, competent, structured, effective.
Cosmopolitan: networked, international, cosmopolitan.

Brand Personality (Destination) (Kumar & Nayak, 2014)

Courteousness: welcoming, polite, sincere, respectful.
Vibrancy: diverse, adventurous, vibrant, alive.
Creativity: enthusiastic, passionate, energetic, exciting.
Conformity: religious, spiritual, traditionalist.
Viciousness: vulgar, violent, obscure, depraved.
Tranquility: peaceful, down to earth, good, agreeable.

Brand Personality (Country) (d’Astous & Boujbel, 2007)

Agreeableness: bon-vivant, reveler, amusing, agreeable
Wickedness: immoral, vulgar, decadent, offender
Snobbism: haughty, snobbish, mannered, chauvinist
Assiduousness: organized, rigorous, flourishing, hard to work
Conformity: Religious, spiritual, traditionalist, mysterious
Unobtrusiveness: cowardly, wimpy, dependent, neutral

Brand Personality (BtoB) (Herbst & Merz, 2011)

Performance: a) performance-oriented: professional, analytical, hard working, intelligent, proactive, educated; b) competent: proper, careful, experienced, rational, problem-oriented, diligent; c) leading: innovative, international-oriented, scientific, creative.
Sensation: a) exciting: young, glamorous, cool, trendy, daring, good-looking, adventorous, imaginative; b) charming: cheerful, feminine, tempered
Credibility: sincere, real, reliable, down-to-earth, honest, original, trustworthy

Brand Personality (Advergames) (Lee & Cho, 2017)

Vibrancy: dynamic, brave, speedy, lively, entertaining
Competence: immersed, confident, unpredictable, strong
Intelligence: strategic, intelligent, challenging, smart, funny
Activeness: dull, athletic, surreal, boring, passionate
Excitement: exciting, vigorous

Brand Personality (Sportwear) (Tong & Su, 2014)

Competence: a) determined: courageous, determined, confident; b) successful: competitive, successful, strong; c) reliable: real, reliable
Attractive: up-to-date, young, cool
Sincerity: a) honest: honest, respectful, friendly; b) flexible: flexible, practical, relaxed
Innovation: innovative, unique, original, open to change
Activity: a) athletic: fast, athletic, active; b) disciplined: disciplined, organized
Excitement: exciting, enthusiastic, cheerful
Ruggedness: tough, rugged, sophisticated

Brand Personality (Sport Clubs) (Schade, Piehler, & Burmann, 2014)

Extraversion: traditional, faithful, sociable, family-oriented, humorous, cheerful.
Rebellious: rebellious, bold, alternative.
Open-mindedness: open-minded, tolerant, sophisticated, social, responsable.
Conscientiousness: hard-working, fighting spirit, diligent, tough.

Brand Quality (Hotel) (Liu, Wong, Shi, Chu, & Brock, 2014)

The quality of services at this hotel is very high.
In terms of overall quality, I’d rate this hotel as an exceptional good one for the industry.
I think this hotel has far better quality than other hotels.
This hotel’s performance is first class.

Brand Respect (Cho, Fiore, & Russell, 2015)

It measures the positive perceptions consumers have toward a particular brand based on their evaluation of brand performance, trust, and reputation (Roberts, 2005). A brand creates respect through good performance (e.g., quality of its product, and knowledgeable and experienced brand representatives), which creates a sense of trust. In addition, brand messages delivered through great stories may build respect through an emphasis on the brand’s performance, trust, and reputation (Roberts, 2005).

I respect this brand.
This brand is honest to me.
This brand communicates well with me.
This brand is very faithful.
I approve of this brand’s performance.
I’m very committed to this brand.
This brand leads fashion trend season to season.
This brand is responsible to me.

Brand Social Benefits (Stokburger-Sauer, Ratneshwar, & Sen, 2012)

This brand offers me the opportunity to socialize.
I feel a sense of kinship with other people who fly with this brand.
I gain a lot from interactions with other customers/users of this brand.
Being a customer of this brand makes me feel like I belong to a special group.

Brand Satisfaction (Tsiros & Mittal, 2000; Davvetas & Diamantopoulos, 2017)

I am happy with the brand I chose.
I am satisfied with the brand I chose.
The brand met my expectations.

Brand Transparency (Hustvedt & Kang, 2013)

If I wanted to, I could easily find out about labor conditions in the factories the brand uses to make their product.
The brand would be honest and sincere in addressing the issue of sweatshop labor.
I believe the brand doesn’t have anything to hide.
I can rely on the brand to solve the problem of sweatshops.
The brand would make any effort to improve poor labor conditions in their factories.

Brand Transparency (Cambier & Poncin, 2020)

The brand was transparent about this initiative.
Participants got feedback about the ideas they submitted.
The activity goal was clear to participants.
I know what was expected from participants.

Brand Transparency (Peschel & Aschemann-Witzel, 2020)

The information about the brand is transparent.
The information about the brand is clear.
The information about the brand is understandable.
The information about the brand discloses relevant facts.
The information about the brand is available.
The information about the brand is precise.

Brand Trust (Chaudhuri & Holbrook, 2001)

I trust this brand.
I rely on this brand.
This is an honest brand.
This brand is safe.

Brand Trust (Lau & Lee, 1999)

I trust this brand.
This brand cannot be counted on to do its job∗
I feel that I can trust this brand completely
I cannot rely on this brand∗
I feel secure when I buy this brand because I know that it will never let me down

Brand Trust (Delgado-Ballester & Munuera-Aleman, 2001)

Brand “X” will …:

Offer me a product with a constant quality level.
Help me to solve any problem I could have with the product.
Offer me new products I may need.
Be interested in my satisfaction.
Value me as a consumer of its product.
Offer me recommendations and advices on how to make the most of its product.

Brand Trust (Li, Zhou, Kashyap, & Yang, 2008)

Competence

This brand does a good job.
I expect the brand to deliver on its promise.
I am confident in the brand’s ability to perform well.
The quality of this brand has been very consistent.

Benevolence

The brand has good intentions towards its customers.
It will respond constructively if I have any product-related problems.
It would do its best to help me if I had a problem.
It cares about my needs.
This brand gives me a sense of security.

Overall trust

I have no doubt this brand can be trusted.
This brand is trustworthy.
I trust this brand.

Brand Trust (Lassoued & Hobbs, 2015)

Brand Trust

I think that the salad brand I buy can be trusted for its high quality.
I think that the salad brand I buy has reliable quality.

Brand Competence

I believe that the salad brand I buy is of high quality.
I believe that the salad brand I buy is safe to eat.
I believe that the salad brand I buy is better than generic versions.

Brand Credibility

I believe that the salad brand I buy has transparent quality information.
I believe that the label of the salad brand I buy has accurate safety information.
I think the reason salad brands are usually more expensive than generic versions is their higher quality.

Brand Benevolence

I think that the salad brand I buy enhances my well-being in terms of nutrition and health.
I think that the salad brand I buy is produced in a socially and environmentally responsible manner.

Brand Value (Netemeyer, Krishnan, Pullig, Wang, Yagci, & Wirth, 2004)

What I get from this brand is worth the cost.
All things considered (price, time, and effort), this brand is a good buy.
Compared to other brands this brand is good value for the money.
When I use this brand, I feel I am getting my money’s worth.

Brand Warmth-Competence (Aaker, Vohs, & Mogilner, 2010)

To what extent this brand is _____: (1: Not at all; 7:Very much)

Warmth

Warm.
Kind.
Generous.

Competence

Competent.
Efficient.
Effective.

Celebrity Authenticity (Moulard, Garrity, & Rice, 2015)

Is genuine.
Seems real to me.
Is authentic.

Celebrity Authenticity (Ilicic & Webster, 2016)

[Celebrity] tries to act in a manner that is consistent with his held values, even if others criticize or reject him for doing so.
[Celebrity] cares about openness and honesty in close relationship with others.
In general, [Celebrity] places a good deal of importance on other understanding who he truly is.
People can count on [Celebrity] being who he is regardless of the situation.

Celebrity Credibility (Ohanian, 1990)

Trustworthiness:

The celebrity endorser is honest.
The celebrity endorser is reliable.
The celebrity endorser is trustworthy.
The celebrity endorser is dependable.
The celebrity endorser is sincere.

Attractiveness:

The celebrity endorser is attractive.
The celebrity endorser is classy.
The celebrity endorser is elegant.
The celebrity endorser is sexy.

Expertise:

The celebrity endorser is experienced.
The celebrity endorser is knowledgeable.
The celebrity endorser is qualified.
The celebrity endorser is expert.

Celebrity Credibility (Ohanian, 1990; McCroskey & Teven, 1999)

This celebrity is: ___________.

Unintelligent – Intelligent
Untrained – Trained
Inexpert – Expert
Uninformed – Informed
Incompetent – Competent
Stupid – Bright
Doesn’t care about me – Cares about me
Doesn’t have my interests at heart – Has my interests at heart
Not self-centered – Self-centered
Not concerned about me – Concerned about me
Insensitive – Sensitive
Not understanding – Understanding
Dishonest – Honest
Untrustworthy – Trustworthy
Dishonorable – Honorable

Celebrity Worship (Maltby, Houran, Lange, Ashe, & McCutcheon, 2002)

If I were to meet my favorite celebrity in person, he/she would already somehow know that I am his/her biggest fan.
I share with my favorite celebrity a special bond that cannot be described in words
I am obsessed by details of my favorite celebrity’s life.
My friends and I like to discuss what my favorite celebrity has done.
When something good happens to my favorite celebrity I feel like it happened to me.
One of the main reasons I maintain an interest in my favorite celebrity is that doing so gives me a temporary escape from life’s problems.
I have pictures and/or souvenirs of my favorite celebrity which I always keep in exactly the same place.
The successes of my favorite celebrity are my successes also.
I enjoy watching, reading, or listening to my favorite celebrity because it means a good time.
I consider my favorite celebrity to be my soulmate.
I have frequent thoughts about my favorite celebrity, even when I don’t want to.
When my favorite celebrity dies (or died) I will feel (or I felt) like dying too.
I love to talk with others who admire my favorite celebrity.
When something bad happens to my favorite celebrity I feel like it happened to me.
Learning the life story of my favorite celebrity is a lot of fun.
I often feel compelled to learn the personal habits of my favorite celebrity.
If I were lucky enough to meet my favorite celebrity, and he/she asked me to do something illegal as a favor, I would probably do it.
It is enjoyable just to be with others who like my favorite celebrity.
When my favorite celebrity fails or loses at something I feel like a failure myself
If someone gave me several thousand dollars to do with as I please, I would consider spending it on a personal possession (like a napkin or paper plate) once used by my favorite celebrity.
I like watching and hearing about my favorite celebrity when I am in a large group of people.
Keeping up with news about my favorite celebrity is an entertaining pastime.
News about my favorite celebrity is a pleasant break from a harsh world.

Channel Integration (Zhang, Ren, Wang, & He, 2018; Goraya, Zhu, Akram, Shareef, Malik, & Bhatti, 2020)

I can find consistent brand promotions and advertisements in the retailer’s physical store and Website.
I can find consistency among products and price in retailer’s physical store and Website.
I can search for products and inventory status in the retailer’s physical store through its Website.
I can redeem the retailer’s gift coupons or vouchers in its physical store or on the Website.
I can collect, return, repair, or exchange the products purchased online in the retailer’s physical store.

Consumer Involvement in Storytelling in Hospitality Marketing (Sohel Ahmed, Taimur Sharif, Ding Hooi Ting & Sharmin Jamal Sharif, 2024)

Contextual cues

The marketing story creates an authentic experience.
The marketing story effectively communicates its origins, fostering a strong connection with the audience.
The marketing story flows naturally and feels genuine.

Emotional engagement

The marketing story’s elements evoke profound emotions in me.
The marketing story fills me with happiness.
Marketing stories deeply engage my senses.

Mental cognition

I have a clear understanding of the marketing story.
Understanding the marketing story is effortless for me.
I actively engage and interact with the marketing story.

Immersive experience

The marketing story effectively creates an immersive experience.
The marketing story makes me feel fully absorbed in its storyline.
Thinking about my favorite brand’s marketing story mentally transports me into its created world.
My favorite brand’s marketing story immerses me in a vivid mental world that fades when I shift my focus.
I lose track of time when I engage with my favorite brand’s marketing story.

(Consumer Perceptions of) Channel Integration (Zhang, Ren, Wang, & He, 2018)

Integrated promotion (IP)

I can find consistent brand name, slogan and logo in the retailer’s physical store and Website.
I can find the promotions that are taking place in the phys- ical store on the retailer’s Website.
I can find the address and contact information of the phys- ical store on the retailer’s Website.
I can find advertisements of the retailer’s Website on the pamphlets, receipts, and carrying bags in its physical store.

Integrated product and price (IPP)

I can find consistent product descriptions in the retailer’s physical store and Website.
I can find consistent product category classifications in the retailer’s physical store and Website.
I can find consistent product price in the retailer’s physical store and Website.
I can find consistent discounts in the retailer’s physical store and Website.

Integrated transaction information (ITI)

I can access both my online and offline purchase history with the retailer.
I can access my prior purchase history with the retailer.
I can receive future purchase recommendations from the retailer.
I can receive a customized Web page.

Integrated information access (IIA)

I can search for products in the retailer’s physical store through its Website.
I can check of the retailer’s inventory status at the physical store through its Website.
I can access the information and functionalities on the retailer’s Website through the Internet kiosks in its physical store.
I can find answers through the Internet kiosks in the retailer’s physical store without making enquiries from in-store service assistants.

Integrated order fulfillment (IOF)

I can redeem the retailer’s gift coupons or vouchers in its physical store or Website.
I can self-collect my online purchases in the retailer’s physical store.
I can pick up my online purchases in any physical store of the retailer.
I can make payment for my online purchases in the retailer’s physical store.
I can place orders for out-of-stock items in the retailer’s physical store through its Internet kiosks.

Integrated customer service (ICS)

I can return, repair or exchange of products purchased online in the retailer’s physical store.
I can get post-purchase services support for the products purchased at the retailer’s physical stores from its Website.
I can access to the service assistant through a real-time chat program through the retailer’s Website.

(Cross) Channel Integration (Li, Liu, Lim, Goh, Yang, & Lee, 2018)

The Website highlights in-store promotions that are taking place in the physical store.
The Website advertises the physical store by providing address and contact information of the physical store.
The Website allows customers to search for products available in the physical store.
The firm allows checking of inventory status at the physical store through the Website.
The physical store allows customers to self-collect their online purchases.
The firm allows customers to choose any physical store from which to pick up their online purchases.
The firm maintains integrated purchase history of customers’ online and offline purchases.
The firm allows customers to access their prior integrated purchase history.
The in-store customer service center accepts return, repair or exchange of products purchased online.
The Website provides post-purchase services such as support for products purchased at physical stores.

(Multi) Channel Integration (Frasquet & Miguel, 2017)

Reciprocity

It is easy to collect at a (retailer) store goods purchased over the internet.
It is convenient to return goods I have bought online to any of (retailer’s) physical stores.
(Retailer) enables me to place a courtesy hold on products in a local store.
(Retailer) physical store allows me to do an order online.
At (retailer’s) website it is easy to get information on order and delivery status (also for products ordered offline).
At (retailer’s) website it is easy to get real-time information on product availability in a local store.
It is easy to search for store locations and opening hours at (retailer’s) website.
(Retailer) offers online accessories, product support, or additional product types.
(Retailer’s) online customer service is almost the same as I can get from the store.
I observe a clear and visible association of brand names (including logos and slogans) across channels.

Coordination

(Retailer) sells online the same products as in the physical stores.
(Retailer) offers the same prices online as in the physical stores.
(Retailer) offers the same promotions online as in the physical stores.
On (retailer’s) website I can get information about prices in a local store.
On (retailer’s) website I can get information about promotions in a local store.
On (retailer’s) website I can use my loyalty card or redeem coupons obtained offline.
On (retailer’s) website I can obtain online coupons to be used offline.
(Retailer) provides consistent store images between the online store and the physical store.

Co-creation experience (Verleye, 2015)

Hedonic experience

It was a nice experience.
It was fun.
I enjoyed it.
It allowed me to keep up with new ideas and innovations.

Cognitive experience

It enabled me to come up with new ideas.
I could test my capabilities.
I improved my skills.
I gained a sense of accomplishment.
I gained new knowledge/expertise.

Social experience

I met others with whom I share similar interests.
I am able to connect with other people.
The interaction was pleasant.

Personal experience

It raised ideas that I can introduce to others.
I could make others aware of my knowledge and ideas.
I made a good impression on other people.

Pragmatic experience

I had control over the quality.
The quality was in my hands.
I had an impact on the degree to which my preferences were met.
The risk of failure was limited.

Economic experience

I got a compensation in line with the effort made.
I got an appropriate reward in return for my input.
I got a fair return.

Compulsive Usage of Mobile Phones (Lee, Chang, Li, & Cheng, 2014; Ko, 2009)

The first thing I do each morning is to check my mobile phone for missed calls or
messages.
I find it hard to control my mobile phone use.
I feel lost and frustrated without my mobile phone.
I risk an important relationship, a job, an academic opportunity or a career development opportunity because I overuse my mobile phone.
I try to not use my mobile phone frequently but I am unsuccessful.
I often anticipate my next use of my mobile phone.
I often get angry if someone interrupts me during my mobile phone use.
I can’t concentrate in class because of mobile phone use.
I check for missed calls and messages all the time when I am awake.
I use my mobile phone even when talking or eating with others.
I feel like my mobile phone is ringing or vibrating but it isn’t.
I prefer to use my mobile phone rather than spend time with others.
Others complain about me using my mobile phone too much.

Communal Intrusiveness (Edward, Li, & Lee, 2002; Simon & Roederer, 2019)

I feel that my roommates are distracting.
I feel that my roommates are physically invasive.
I feel that my roommates are interfering.
I feel that my roommates are intrusive.

Companionship (Simon, 2017)

Thanks to the colocation,

…, I won’t have to be alone.
…, I feel like there is someone else to talk or to be with.
…, It makes me feel less lonely

Consumer-brand Identification (Stokburger-Sauer, Ratneshwar, & Sen, 2012; Shokri & Alavi, 2019)

I feel a strong sense of belonging to the brand.
I identify strongly with the brand.
This brand embodies what I believe in.
This brand is a part of me.
To me, this brand has a great deal of personal meaning.

Consumer-brand Identification (So, King, & Sparks, 2012; Rather, 2018)

When someone criticizes this brand, it feels like a personal insult.
When I talk about this brand, I usually say “we” rather than “they”.
This brand’s successes are my successes..
When someone praises this brand, it feels like a personal compliment.

Consumer Guilt Proneness (Carla C. Martins, Susana C. Silva, Joanna Radomska & Monika Hajdas)

Extravagance guilt

Buying something superfluous.
Buying something that was not a priority.
Buying a more sophisticated or luxurious (thus, more expensive) product, when a cheaper equivalent product would perfectly fulfill my needs.

Social influence guilt

Buying something that the people I like the most would not approve of.
Making a purchase criticized by people who are close to me
(family, friends).
Buying something that I know is negatively regarded within the
society/culture in which I live.

Ethics and sustainability guilt

Buying a brand owned by a company for which there is strong evidence of disregard for employees’ rights.
Buying a brand owned by a company for which there is strong evidence of disregard for human rights (e.g., child labor, slave labor).
Buying a brand owned by a company for which there is strong evidence of unfair treatment of animals.
Buying a product/service that has harmful effects on the environment.
Buying a brand owned by a company for which there is strong evidence of involvement in corruption.

Misevaluation guilt

Making a “bad purchase”because I was not more deeply informed
about the characteristics or condition of that product/service.
Making a “bad purchase”and then realise that if I had looked for information before buying, I would have found a lot of evidence
(news, complaints) about the lack of quality of the products/services
of that company or brand.
Buying something without searching for prices and find out that the same product could be purchased at a lower price elsewhere.
Buying a product/service at the normal price that goes on sale shortly after.

Health guilt

Buying and consuming a product/service that has negative effects
on my physical health and image (e.g., weight, skin, or teeth).
Buying and consuming a product/service that I like, even knowing
that it could negatively affect my health in the future.
Deliberately opting for less healthy products, knowing that there
are better alternatives for health with similar prices.

(Perceived) Consumer Effectiveness (Robert, 1996, Rainbolt, Onozaka, &McFadden, 2012)

I believe that what I choose to buy and where I choose to buy fresh produce can have an impact on the local economy.
I believe that by choosing to buy or not to buy certain foods, I can have a positive impact on the natural environment.
I believe that I can make a statement about social fairness by carefully choosing the fresh produce I buy.
Each consumer’s behavior can have a positive effect on society by purchasing products sold by socially responsible companies.

Customer experience in AI-enabled products(Ping Wang, Kunyang Li, Qinglong Du & Jianqiong Wang, 2024)

First-Level Code (Open coding)

AI constantly collecting my information makes me disgusted
The information and products pushed by AI do not match my identity
AI always understands my intentions when performing tasks
The language or behavior of AI in performing tasks is often difficult to understand
AI is my psychologist
AI makes me no longer feel lonely
AI is always worried about personal gains and losses
AI can think like a philosopher

Consumer Innovativeness (Vandecasteele & Geuens, 2010)

Functional

If a new product gives me more comfort that my current product, I would not hesitate to buy it.
If a new time-saving product is launched, I will buy it right away.
If an innovation is more functional, then I usually buy it.
If a new product makes my work easier, then this new product is a “must” for me.
If I discover a new product in a more convenient size, I am very inclined to buy this.

Hedonic

Using novelties gives me a sense of personal enjoyment.
Innovations make my life exciting and stimulating.
Acquiring an innovation makes me happier.
The discovery of novelties makes me playful and cheerful.

Social

I love to use innovations that impress others.
I deliberately buy novelties that are visible to others and which command respect from others.
I like to own a new product that distinguishes me from others who do not own this new product.

Congruence (Roehm & Roehm, 2011)

Unsuitable/Suitable
Inconsistent/Consistent
Incongruent/Congruent

Congruence (Celebrity-Consumer) or Identification (Lammie, 2007; Rubin & McHugh, 1987)

I like celebrity A.
I can easily relate to celebrity A.
I think of celebrity A as a good friend.
I have no doubt celebrity A and I would work well together.
Celebrity A is a personal role model.

Congruence (Celebrity-Product Category; Celebrity-Brand) (Lee & Thorson, 2008; Mishra, Roy, & Bailey, 2015)

Very inapproriate/Very appropriate
Inconsistent/Consistent
Very unlikely/Very likely
Very irrelevant/Very relevant
Does not match/matches very well
Does not go together/goes together

Congruence of the Ad (Mantel & Kellaris, 2003)

The _______ was appropriate for the ______.
The _______ did not seem to fit with the message.
The _______ was relevant to the subject of the ad.
The _______ did not match the product in the ad
The _______ was congruent with the message of the ad.

Congruence of the Ad (Martin, Stewart, & Matta, 2005)

How similar is the type of advertising that you associate with _________ and the type of message that you see here for ____________? not at all similar/very similar
How well does this message exemplify the type of advertising that __________ uses for its other products? extremely poor example / extremely good example
How consistent is this message with the type of advertising that ___________ uses for its other products? not at all consistent / very consistent

Congruence of Event/Sponsor (Speed & Thompson, 2000; Olson & Thjomoe, 2011)

There is a logical connection between the event and the sponsor.
The image of the event and the image of the sponsor are similar.
The sponsor and the event fit together well.
The company and the event stand for similar things.
It makes sense to me that this company sponsors this event.

Congruence of Website/Sponsor of the site (Rifon, Choi, Trimble, & Li, 2004)

not compatible/compatible
not a good fit/good fit
not congruent/congruent

Congruence (Self with Brand) (Escalas & Bettman, 2003; 2005)

This brand reflects who I am.
I can identify with this brand.
I feel a personal connection to this brand.
I use this brand to communicate who I am to other people.
I think this brand help me become the type of person I want to be.
I consider this brand to be “me” (it reflects who I consider myself to be or the way that I want to present myself to others).
This brand suits me well.

Congruence (Self with Brand) (Johnson, Herrmann, & Huber 2006; Keller, 2003)

The brand reflects my personal lifestyle.
The brand and my personality fit.
I can identify with the brand.
If the brand were a person, I would like to take him or her out for dinner.
I would like to wear clothing with the logo of my brand on it.

Congruence (Self with Brand) (Swaminathan, Page, & Gurhan-Canli, 2007)

The brand and I have a lot in common.
This brand’s image and my self image are similar in a lot of ways.
This brand says a lot about the kind of person I am or want to be.
This brand reminds me of who I am.
This brand is a part of me.

Congruence (Ideal Self with Brand) (Swaminathan, Stilley, & Ahluwalia, 2009)

This brand makes a statement about what is important to me in life.
This brand makes me similar to people I aspire to be like.
This brand makes me similar to people I aspire to be like.

Congruence (Self with Others who use the Brand) (Rindfleisch, Burroughs, & Wong, 2009) or Communal Brand Connection (Keller, 2003)

I really identify with people who use this brand.
I feel like I almost belong to a club with other users of this brand.
This brand is used by people like me.
I feel a deep connection with others who use this brand.

Consumer Trust (Leonidou, Kvasova, & Leonidu, 2013)

Consumers can rely on the firms’ trustworthiness.
I cannot trust or rely on firms keeping their promises. (R)
I believe that firms are concerned about the well-being of consumers and society in general.
I feel that I can trust firms completely.

Competitive / Cooperative Strategy Scale (Simmons, Wehner, Tucker, & King, 1988)

It is important to me to do better than others.
Success is not very important to me.
Individual success can be achieved while working with others.
People who are successful face a constant struggle to remain successful.
By achieving success I also get other things which are important to me.
To succeed, one must compete against others.
Joint effort is the best way to achieve success.
People who succeed are more likely to have satisfying lives.
Success is something I am willing to work hard for.
The cost of success are often much greater than the rewards.
To succeed, one must cooperate with others.
Success is only achieved through individual effort.
People who succeed often lead unhappy lives.
I enjoy the challenge of competing against others to succeed.
Success is best achieved through cooperation rather than through competition.
The rewards of success outweigh the costs.
Success is my major goal in life.
I am happier when I am not striving to succeed.
In the end, cooperation with others is not compatible with success.
In order to be successful, one has to be willing to give up too many other important aspects of life.
Success can best be defined as a situation in which there are both winners and losers.
I feel better about myself when I am working toward success.
Shared efforts can lead to both individual and group success.
I enjoy working with others to achieve joint success.

Competitive / Cooperative Attitude (Chan, Whitehead, & Parush, 2017)

Enjoyment

I like playing on the same team.
I liked playing head-to-head.
I though that playing with another person was fun.
I enjoyed playing with another person.
I enjoyed playing against another person

Social Influence

I felt pressured to win because of the other person.
I felt that the other person was a good competitor.
I felt that my partner was helpful when we were playing together against the computer.
I was motivated to play better because of the other person.
I would have rather played alone.

(Hyper) Competitive Attitude (Ryckman, Thompson, & Butler, 1994)

Winning in competition makes me feel more powerful as a person.
I find myself being competitive even in situations which do not call for competition.
I compete with others even if they are not competing with me.
Winning in competition does not give me a greater sense of worth.
I find myself turning a friendly game or activity into a serious context or conflict.
It is a dog-eat-dog world. If you don’t get the better of others, they will surely get the better of you.
I really feel down when I lose in athletic competition.
Losing in competition has little effect on me.
Competition inspires me to excel.

Corporate Transparency (Vaccaro & Echeverri, 2010)

[Name of electric company] explains clearly how it controls the emissions caused by its electricity production that could harm the environment.
Overall, [name of electric company] provides the information needed to understand the environmental impact of electricity generation.
[Name of electric company] provides relevant information regarding environmental issues associated with the generation of electricity.
The environmental policies and practices of [name of electric company] are provided to customers in a clear and complete way.

Country-of-origin Preference (Sanyai & Datta, 2011)

I prefer brands that originate from a country that has a reputation for the quality of food.
I prefer brands that originate from a country which maintains a high level of quality.
I prefer brands that originate from a country which promotes sustainability (e.g. green products).
I prefer brands that originate from a country which promotes the sale of healthy food.

Country-of-origin Image (Suter, Borini, Floriani, Da Silva, & Polo, 2018)

Thinking about the main product line of the company offered abroad and point out the level oof agreement of the company with the following statements:

It is important to ….

Natural Resources

Highlight typical natural resources from the company’s country of origin.
Use biodiversity resources from the company’s country of origin.
Use natural resources from the company’s country of origin.

Cultural resources

Use aspects related to people from the company’s country of origin.
Use aspects related to people’s habits and customs from the company’s country of origin.
Use the diversity of cultural manifestations from the company’s country of origin.

Senses

Use music from the company’s country of origin in International advertisement.
Use music from the company’s country of origin on the international website.
Use music from the company’s country of origin at sites of contact with the client.

Visual and textual elements

Use the flag design from the company’s country of origin.
Use the flag colors from the company’s country of origin in contact points with customers.
Use acronyms or names related to the company’s country of origin.

Customer-to-customer Similarity (Sirgy, Grewal, Mangleburg, Park, Chon, Claiborne, & Berkman, 1997; Elbedweihy, Jayawardhena, Elsharnnouby, & Elsharnouby, 2016)

The typical users of this brand reflect the type of person who I am.
The typical users of this brand are similar to me.
The image of the typical user of this brand is consistent with how I see myself.*

Customer value co-creation behavior scale (Yi & Gong, 2013)

Information seeking

I have asked others for information on what this service offers.
I have searched for information on where this service is located.
I have paid attention to how others behave to use this service well.

Information sharing

I clearly explained what I wanted the employee to do.
I gave the employee proper information.
I provided necessary information so that the employee could perform his or her duties.
I answered all the employee’s service-related questions.

Responsible behavior

I performed all the tasks that are required.
I adequately completed all the expected behaviors.
I fulfilled responsibilities to the business.
I followed the employee’s directives or orders.

Personal interaction

I was friendly to the employee.
I was kind to the employee.
I was polite to the employee.
I was courteous to the employee.
I didn’t act rudely to the employee.

Feedback

If I have a useful idea on how to improve service, I let the employee know.
When I receive good service from the employee, I comment about it.
When I experience a problem, I let the employee know about it.

Advocacy

I said positive things about XYZ and the employee to others.
I recommended XYZ and the employee to others.
I encouraged friends and relatives to use XYZ.

Helping

I assist other customers if they need my help.
I help other customers if they seem to have problems.
I teach other customers to use the service correctly.
I give advice to other customers.

Tolerance

If service is not delivered as expected, I would be willing to put up with it.
If the employee makes a mistake during service delivery, I would be willing to be patient.
If I have to wait longer than I normally expected to receive the service, I would be willing to adapt.

Customer Co-creation Value (Merz, Zarantonello, & Grappi, 2018)

Customer-owned resources

Knowledge

I am informed about what this brand has to offer.
I am knowledgeable about this brand.
I am an expert of this brand.

Skills

I think analytically when I deal with this brand.
I think logically when I deal with this brand.
I think critically when I deal with this brand.

Creativity

I become imaginative when I interact with this brand.
I become creative when I interact with this brand.
I become curious when I interact with this brand.

Connectedness

I am networked with other consumers of this brand.
I am connected to other consumers of this brand.
I selon to one or more brand communities related to this brand.
I socialize with other consumers of this brand.

Customer motivation

Passion

I am addicted to this brand.
I am a fan of this brand.
I love this brand.
I admire this brand

Trustworthiness

I trust this brand.
This brand addresses my concerns honestly.
I rely on this brand when I have a problem.
I depend on this brand to satisfy my needs.

Commitment

My goal is to make this brand a success.
I am driven to make this brand a success.
I am committed to making this brand a success.
I am enthusiastic about making this brand a success.

Customer Online Brand Experience with Website (Bank) (Yasin, Liebana-Cabanillas, Porcu, & Kayed, 2020)

The layout of the bank website is appealing.
The bank’s website is easy to navigate.
Results are always returned promptly when browsing this bank’s website.
The results of this bank’s website are always up-to-date.
Accurate search results are always returned when browsing this bank’s website.

Customer Experience (Memorable) (Ali, Hussain, & Ragavan, 2014)

Education Experience

The experience has made me more knowledgeable.
I learned a lot during my experience.
It stimulated my curiosity to learn new things.
It was a real learning experience.

Entertainment Experience

Activities at the resort were amusing to watch and perform.
Activities at the resort were captivating to watch and perform.
Activities at the resort were entertaining to watch and perform.
Activities at the resort were fun to watch and perform.

Esthetics Experience

I felt a real sense of harmony.
Just being here was very pleasant.
The setting was very attractive.
The setting really showed attention to design detail.

Escapism Experience

I felt I played a different character here.
I felt like I was living in a different time or place.
The experience here let me imagine being someone else.
I totally forgot about my daily routine.

Customer Orientation of Salespeople (Hughes, Richards, Calantone, Baldus, & Spreng, 2019)

I try to help customers achieve their goals.
I try to have the customer’s best interest in mind.
I offer the product that is best suited to the customer’s problem.
I try to get customers to discuss their needs with me.

Data Analytics (David D.C. Tarn & Juefan Wang, 2023)

Outcome assessment

We deliberately analyze the past order records to realize what market segment(s) is/are the major target market(s).
We deliberately analyze the past order records to clarify market performance of each product/service item.

Opportunity seeking

We predict potential development of the future based on the past sales records.
We employ analytical techniques to find out determinants of market performance.
We use analytical techniques to compare customer behaviors across market segments.
We employ analytical techniques to explore critical factors that influence customer behaviors.
We use analytical techniques to clarify determinants of growth or declines in market performance.
We employ analytical techniques to predict possible sales trends of the future.

Network observation

We pay much attention to message and discussion toward our products and services on the internet.
We deliberately analyze positive and negative comments of the public on the internet.

Decision evaluation

We provide proposed alternatives of our new products/ services and announce them on the websites or social media platform (e.g., Facebook and Twitter) to collect responses and comments of the public toward the alternatives.
We held online voting activities on the internet to collect data regarding preference of the public toward our proposed new products or services.
We conducted online survey for specific customer targets on the internet directly.
We ask people or customers to come up with new ideas about the company’s products/services on the Internet.

Customer agility

We can quickly assess market conditions and respond to customer demand about the features of our product/service.
We can flexibly tailor products/services based on customers’ needs.
We can instantly modify products/services based on changes of customer demand.
We can hold on raising our capability and investment to provide better products/services to the customers.
We treat changes and turbulence in the market as an opportunity for future growth and progress.

Partnering agility

We can moderately integrate upstream suppliers to flexibly respond to supply conditions on the market.
We effectively converge downstream distribution and marketing channels to flexibly respond to market demand.
We can moderately collaborate with partnering firms to meet emergency and changes in the marketplace.
We can moderately coordinate with distributors in response to transportation and marketing needs of the marketplace.
We can effectively contact related and alliance firms to respond to urgent changes in the market.

Operational agility

We can moderately change existing operations to respond to new opportunities of the market.
We can quickly adjust present capacity to meet new market opportunities.
When there is special new demand in the market, we can instantly provide products/services to meet it.
We can flexibly adjust production capacity to encounter emergent changes in the market.
When there is a sudden shortage of product/service supply, we can appropriately adjust internal procedures to solve it.

Market knowledge specificity

It is difficult to realize expertise and knowledge of our company unless we have experienced it.
It is hard to accurately understand expertise and knowledge of our company if we just read the documented information.

Decent Work Perception of Knowledge Workers (Yan Yan, Yuqing Geng & Juan Gao, 2023)

Job Security

My job is stable.
My income is stable.
The job can provide me with good benefits.
I feel fair about the distribution system in my organization
My employer has a good reputation.
My working materials are secured.
My work is legal.
My working environment is pleasant.

Respect & support

My income and payment are matched.
I can enjoy the fair and equitable treatment at work.
I can be respected and am satisfied with my current job.
My work can be valued.
My work allows me to be respected and recognized.
I have power and resources at work.
I can get help and support in my work.
I have a good relationship with my colleagues in the workplace.

Self-value

My job brings me a good work image.
My job brings me a high social status.
I can work with autonomy and freedom.
My job can realize my value.
I can create value in my work.
I can use my talents in my work.
My work keeps me healthy and happy.
My work gives me a sense of achievement.
My job gives me ample opportunities for growth and development.

Professional Skills and Ethics

My job requires high competence
My job is innovative
My job requires professional knowledge and skills
My job is not easily replaced
My job is challenging
My job requires good work ethics
I deal with a high level of customers

Distributive Justice (Smith, Bolton, & Wagner, 1999)

The outcome I received was fair.
I did not get what I deserved (r)
In resolving the problem, the hotel gave me what I needed.
The outcome I received was not right (r).

Digital Food Shopping(Kimberly Thomas-Francois & Simon Somogyi and Alireza Zolfaghari, 2022)

Cultural acceptance of digital technology

I expect in these times technology usage in society has increased, so I embrace this change as well
I think it is acceptable in society to introduce more technology to make life easier
I think society members consciously use digital technology in life activities in a beneficial way
It is now the norm that members of society will perform daily transactions using digital technology

Consumer affection-appeal

After evaluating my options, I am drawn to shopping for groceries using digital technology
Due to my needs, I am drawn to shop for groceries digitally
I really like the empowerment I feel when shopping for groceries using digital means
I love to shop for groceries using digital technology
I feel excited when I have the option to shop for groceries using digital technology
I am fond of purchasing groceries using digital options
I am delighted to shop for groceries using digital technology

Digital trust

I am certain of protection when using digital technology for grocery shopping
I believe that digital spaces are reliable when shopping for groceries
I believe that digital technology for grocery shopping has established norms and procedures to make my transactions secure
I believe that should a problem occur with my digital grocery shopping transactions, the grocery store will not exploit me
I believe that the digital technologies used for the grocery store’s transactions have integrity

Digital convenience

It is easy to access groceries I wish to purchase using digital methods
It is easy to find the products I am looking for at a grocery store’s website
It is easy to find the products I am looking for using the grocery store’s digital browsing tools
I can easily locate the product I am looking for when I use digital browsing tools in grocery stores

Consumer digital readiness

I have all I need to be able to participate in the digital way of doing personal business.
I am mentally ready to use digital technology in much of what I do in life
I am always ready to use the latest technology that is available to me
I am ready to use advanced technology that benefits the quality of my life
I am prepared to make all necessary changes to participate in the digital way of doing personal business

Intention to adopt

I plan to adopt online/self-service technologies for my grocery shopping
I will most likely adopt online/self-service technologies for my grocery shopping
I think it’s better for me to adopt online/self-service technologies for my grocery shopping
Over time I will use online/self-service technology for my grocery shopping

Consumer learning

I find out about new shopping trends by searching online
I find out about new shopping trends from Social Media.
I find out about new shopping trends by reading newspapers and magazines.
I find out about new shopping trends from suggestions and recommendations of my friends and family
I find out about new shopping trends from observing my friends and family

Digital marketing innovation and firm performance (Trihadi Pudiawan Erhan, Sebastiaan van Doorn, Arnold Japutra & Irwan Adi Ekaputra, 2023)

Decision comprehensiveness

The top managers of this firm typically Develop many alternative responses before implementing a particular strategy.
Consider many diverse criteria when choosing/eliminating possible courses of action.
Thoroughly examine multiple explanations for arising problems or opportunities
Conduct multiple examinations of any suggested course of action.
Search extensively for possible responses to organizational challenges.

Environmental dynamism

Environmental changes in our local market are intense.
Our clients regularly ask for new products and services.
In our local market, changes are taking place continuously.
In our market, the volumes of products and services to be delivered change fast and often.

Digital marketing innovation

We often experiment with new digital applications to connect to customers
We are keen to search out new digital applications in order to collect better market intelligence
We readily utilize new opportunities offered by digital applications to develop new markets

Doomscrolling negative news; perceived survival threat (Anshul Mandliya, Jatin Pandey, Yusuf Hassan, Abhishek Behl & Ishizaka Alessio, 2024)

Perceived survival threat

News related to negative events make me imagine the same scenarios happening to me.
I feel threatened about my survival when I read negative news.
Negative events happening around the world makes me nervous.
I feel that negative news has higher informational utility than positive news, as it can directly affect my survival.

Fear of death

I would experience a great loss if someone close to me died.
I would be disturbed by the fact that I have to identify the corpse (dead body) of someone I know.
I would feel anxious reading about someone who is dying or on deathbed.

Destination experiencescape for Hanfu tourism(Yuanyuan Zong, Joseph S. Chen & Sheng-Hshiung Tsaur, 2023)

Cultural component

Having an overall cultural atmosphere that attracts Hanfu tourists.
Providing activities participation that evokes cultural pride.
Providing the performing space for Hanfu-related arts, crafts, and etiquette.
Having cultural landscapes that inspire historical nostalgia.
Having facilities and amenities featuring Chinese style.

Social component

Gaining member identification from the Hanfu community at destinations.
Providing a social atmosphere enjoyable to Hanfu tourists.
Getting interaction and sharing with varied tourism suppliers at destinations.
Getting friendliness from locals at destinations.
Getting friendly interactions with other visitors at destinations.

Sensory component

Providing aesthetic and colorful landscapes.
Having a cool and refreshing temperature and climate.
Providing elegant Chinese ancient-style music.
Providing savory traditional food.

Destination hospitality culture component

Providing services to meet tourists’needs.
Offering detail-oriented and caring hospitality services
Offering hospitality services beyond the call of duty
Providing outstanding and excellent service

Technological component

Providing advanced and easy-to-use smart tourism apps.
Providing the application of AR technology and landscaping lighting
Providing the application of AI technology in Hanfu photomontage
Providing peripheral services applied with multimedia technology

Functional component

Providing spatial segments and layouts suitable for Hanfu tours.
Providing accessible and friendly-used facilities

Natural component

Having natural landscapes well matched with Hanfu culture
Having natural elements of destination appeal

The Design Communication Assessment (Kevin L. Sample, John Hulland, Julio Sevilla, , and Lauren I. Labrecque, 2023)

Effort (Hughes & Ahearne, 2010; Gillespie & Noble, 2017)

Please rate your level of effort towards this brand on the following activities:

Selling in promotions.
Selling/building displays.
Expanding shelf space.
Increasing distribution.
Placing point of sale material.

Ego Orientation (Durand, Cury, Sarrazin, & Famose, 2003)

When playing sport, I feel most successful when …

I beat other people.
I am clearly superior.
I am the best.
I outperform my opponents.
I win.
I show other people I am the best.

Empathetic Creativity for Frontline Employees(Khoa The Do, Huy Gip and Priyanko Guchait, Chen-Ya Wang & Eliane Sam Baaklini, 2022)

Social Dimension

I use different ways to provide social rapport for customers
I try to be creative in socializing with customers to build warm relation with them
I provide individualized caring in different ways to enhance personal connectedness with customers
I try different strategies not to let customers feel lonely and isolated
I use various methods to enhance customers’trust in me

Interactive Dimension

I use multiple approaches to understand what useful information customers need
I experiment with new methods to provide efficient and concise responses to all customers’queries
I try different ways to communicate with customers authentically
I adopt different strategies to enhance human interaction with customers
I use both verbal and non-verbal cues to have comfortable and friendly conversation with customers

Emotional Dimension

I am sensitive to the feelings of customers
I try multiple approaches to generate positive emotional support for customers
I develop my own ways to help customers release anxiety
I try different ways to express positive facial and emotional reactions to customers
I learn different methods to be more sentient and spirited in serving customers
I adopt various strategies to create enjoyable and amusing experience for customers

Endorser Credibility

I prefer to watch advertisements with physically attractive (beautiful, elegant, and classy) celebrity endorser.
I think that attractiveness is an important characteristic for a celebrity endorser.
I feel that a physically attractive endorser influences my purchase intention towards a celebrity-endorsed brand
I remember a brand that is being endorsed by attractive celebrity more.
I think advertisements with a celebrity endorser who has expertise (skilled, qualified, knowledgeable, and experienced) is more respectable.
I pay more attention to the advertisements using an expert celebrity.
I will buy a product if the celebrity endorsing it is an expert.
I think a brand that is being endorsed by an expert celebrity is more trustable.
I think the advertisements with a trustworthy (dependable, honest, sincere, and reliable) endorser receive less negative recalls.
I feel that advertisements with a trustworthy endorser push me to remember the advertisement and the product that is being endorsed.
I think the celebrity endorser is a trustworthy person.
I think a brand that is being endorsed by a trustworthy celebrity is more respectable and desirable.

Employee Involvement in Customer Value Co-Creation (Hangjun Xu & Chuanyi Tang and Lin Guo, 2023)

Perceived organizational support

The company really cares about my well-being
The company strongly considers my goals and values
The company is willing to help me if I need a special favor

Customer orientation

I make every customer feel like he/she is the only customer
I respond very quickly to customer requests
I always have the customer’s best interest in mind
My number one priority is always customer loyalty

Cross-functional cooperation

All of the departments share communications frequently
All of the departments frequently discuss common problems together
My department shares close ties with people in other departments
My department’s relationship with other departments is mutually gratifying and highly cohesive
My department and other departments have great dialogues
There is a lot of two-way communications between my department and other departments

Job satisfaction

I frequently think about quitting this job (reverse coded)
I am satisfied with the activities I perform every day

Job stress

Bring me a heavier workload
Make me work under more time pressure
Make me work extra hard to finish my tasks
Make it difficult for me to decide how to get my job done
Divert me from the duty that I should perform
Make me nervous
Increase my job stress
Create more problems for me
Make me work under conflicting directives

Employee involvement in value co-creation

Informative communication
- I always provide accurate information to customers
- I communicate with customers in a timely manner
- I provide necessary information to my customers so that they can perform their duties
- I explain to the customers what they need to do in order to effectively use the service
Service adaptation
- I involve the customers into problem-solving
- I encourage customers to participate in the service delivery process
- I educate our customers how to use our information system, websites, and facilities
- I actively collect the suggestions and feedback from our customers

Enjoyment (Hu, Kettinger, & Poston, 2015, Simon & Roederer, 2019)

It is fun to share a flat.
It is a lot of enjoyment to share a flat.
It is entertaining to share a flat.

Entrepreneurial potential (Akilimali & McEdward, 2023)

Entrepreneural behaviors prone to cognitive and heuristic biases

I trust my ability to succeed as an entrepreneur or initiator of new things.
I always make sure I have exhausted all the alternatives before I give up on a failing project, relationship or deal.
I am good at managing situations involving pressure and complexity
I am attached to whatever I initiate as the mum is attached to her baby
When I am part of a team for which I am not among the best performers, I feel disturbed
My first impression of things and situations is always right
I love being an entrepreneur
I would describe myself as someone who does what most of my friends, neighbours and popular persons do (reverse coded)
I easily worry about unfortunate and bad circumstances (reverse coded)
Failure of any of my projects disturbs and disappoints me a lot (reverse coded)

Social skill

Most people are always willing to associate with me for the pursuit of a common goal
When I ask for something from other people, I always get it
My partners and friends rarely disappoint me
I am patient to listen and respond to others when they are talking
When I have no other choice than lying, I do, to achieve my purpose (reverse code)

Proactive Innovativeness

How often do people commend you on original ideas and tangible outputs
How often has it happened to you to initiate and implement new projects that give satisfaction to people around you?
How often has it happened to you to design something that did not exist in your environment?
How often are you the first to look for solutions to the problems around you?
How often do you find yourself looking for new ways to serve people?

Financial Literacy

I save part of my earnings regularly
I know how to look for money
When I have money, I always know what to do about it
I am always willing to look for productive assets in which I can invest when I have money in hands

Calculated risk-taking propensity

When something seems interesting to me, I choose to do it regardless of the risk involved
I would describe myself as someone who is good at assessing the risks involved in any kind of project
I can recall several situations I benefited from recently for which people around me could not see anything good than chao
I recall several occasions I took big risks when I knew I could benefit

Bricolage

When something is interesting to me, I immediately do it
I always make decisions based on what I am seeing, what I have
There are several projects I have not yet launched because of resource constraints (reverse coded)

Management skills

All my projects and activities are planned, structured and continuously controlled
I would describe myself as someone who spends time wisely
My projects and activities are always budgeted

Environmental concern (Kim & Choi, 2005)

I make a special effort to buy products that are made of sustainable materials.
I have changed which products I use because of sustainability reasons.
I have avoided buying a product because it had potentially harmful effects to people/or the environment.

Environmental concern (Bamberg, 2003)

I am concerned about the environmental conditions our children have to live under.
Newspaper articles or TV reports concerning environmental problem make me angry.
If we continue as before, we are approaching an environmental catastrophe.

Ethically minded consumer behavior (Sudbury-Riley & Kohlbacher, 2016)

When there is a choice, I always choose the product that contributes to the least amount of environmental damage.
I have switched products for environmental reasons.
If I understand the potential damage to the environment that some products can cause, I do not purchase those products.
I do not buy household products that harm the environment.
Whenever possible, I buy products packaged in reusable or recyclable containers.
I make every effort to buy paper products (toilet paper, tissues, etc.) made from recycled paper.
I will not buy a product if I know that the company that sells it is socially irresponsible.
I do not buy products from companies that I know use sweatshop labor, childlabor, or other poor working conditions.

Expertise (Kleiser & Mantel, 1994)

Cognitive effort and automaticity

I automatically know which brands of wine to buy.
I am loyal to one brand of wine.
At the place of purchase, I can visually detect my preferred brand(s) without much effort.
I can immediately identify my preferred brand(s) even if it is located with other brands of wine.
When I purchase my preferred brand, I do not pay attention to the other brands of wine.

Analysis and elaboration

I enjoy learning about wine.
I will search for the latest information on wine before I purchase a brand.
I keep current on the most recent developments in wine.
I consider myself knowledgeable about wine.
My knowledgeable of wine helps me to understand very technical information about this product.
I use my knowledge of wine to verify that advertising claims are in fact true.

Memory

I can recall almost all existing brands of wine from memory.
I can recognize almost all brand names of wine.
I can recall product-specific attributes of wines.
I can recall brand-specific attributes of the various brands of wine.

eWOM Usefulness in the Leisure Travel(Sanjeev Verma, Neha Yadav & Rekha Chikhalkar, 2021)

Failure Severity (Maxham & Netemeyer, 2002)

In my opinion, the described situation represents…

a minor problem/a major problem.
a small inconvenience/ a big inconvenience
a minor aggravation/ a major aggravation

Firm Innovativeness (Kunz, Schmitt, & Meyer, 2011)

The company is dynamic.
The company is very creative.
The company launches new products and creates market trends all the time.
The company is a pioneer in its category.
The company constantly generates new ideas.
The company has changed the market with its offers.
The company is an advanced, forward-looking firm.

Fit (Roehm & Roehm, 2011)

Bad/Good
Inconsistent/Consistent
Not-well-aligned/Well-aligned

Fit (Endorser/Brand) (Sengupta, Goodstein, & Boninger, 1997)

We I think of _________ as an endorser, _________ is one of the first products I think about.
The idea of _______ endorsing __________ represents a very good fit.
I think ________ is a relevant endorser for ________.
I think ________ is an appropriate endorser for _________.

Fit (Celebrity-brand) (Thamaraiselvan, Arasu, & Inbaraj, 2017)

It is very logical for the celebrity to endorse the [Brand].
This celebrity is very appropriate to endorse the [Brand].
The [Brand] matched with the celebrity personality.
Celebrity and [Brand] represent each other well.
Celebrity and [Brand] fit together well.

Fit (Brand-Brand) (Jaju, Joiner, & Reddy, 2006)

Brand A and Brand B products are similar to each other.
Brand A and Brand B products are used together in certain usage situations.
The people, facilities, and skills used in developing, refining, and making Brand A products will be helpful in manufacturing and delivering Brand B products.
Brand A and Brand B have similar images.
Brand A and Brand B products have similar features.
Brand A and Brand B products have similar pricing.
The quality of Brand A and Brand B products are similar.

Fit (Becker-Olson, 2003; Simmons & Becker-Olsen, 2006)

The firm and the charitable cause are:

Similar/Dissimilar
Consistent/Inconsistent
Typical/Atypical
Representative/Unrepresentative
Complementary/Not complementary
Low fit / High fit
Makes sense / Does not make sense.

Fit (Brand Perception) (Decker & Baade, 2016)

I perceive the co-branding alliance as positive.
The partner firms complement each other.

Gamified E-service Quality(Reihaneh Alsadat Tabaeeian, Majid Mohammad Shafiee & Azarnoush Ansari, 2022)

Ease of use

The website is convenient to use
The layout of the website is very clear and simple
It is easy to navigate on the service process
Entertainments interface is user friendly

Reliability

The website provides a helpful search function
Service is accessible through different device
Promised reward and discount are reliable
I think that the process work as I expect it to

Interactivity

The e-service has interactive features, which help me accomplish my process
The website facilitates social interaction with friends and other customers
The website strengthens the connections I have with others
The customer service interactivity addresses my special requirements

Visual appeal

Website attractively displays heading and information
The e-service uses colors and fonts effectively
The website has innovative features like point progress bar for tracking orders
The website is visually appealing
The websites give me chance to choose avatar

Emotional appeal

The website conveys a sense of competency
The website conveys a sense of value
The website conveys a sense of enjoyment
The website conveys a sense of being customized
The website conveys a sense of being free in my choices

Security

The website has adequate security features
I feel my information is protected at the website
The website has secured online payment
The website authorized my identity correctly

Green Brand Image (Cretu & Brodie, 2007; Chen, 2010)

The brand is regarded as the best benchmark of environmental commitment.
The brand is professional about environmental reputation.
The brand is successful about environmental performance.
The brand is well established about environmental concern.
The brand is trustworthy about environmental promises.

Green Orientation (Edward Ramirez, Gabriel Moreno & John Hadjimarcou, 2024)

Communications

This company promotes environmental awareness.
This company tries to educate the public about the environment.
This company encourages its customers to protect the environment.
This company promotes environmental practices.

Actions

This company is concerned with conserving resources
This company wastes very few resources
This company’s practices are environmentally friendly
This company is working to make the world a cleaner place
This company is attempting to reduce its impact on the environment

Offerings

This company offers products that are environmentally friendly
This company offers “green” products
This company’s products are environmentally sound
This company has the environment in mind when choosing products to sell

Green Perceived Value (Chen & Chang, 2012)

This brand’s environmental functions provide very good value for me.
This brand’s environmental performance meets my expectations.
I purchase this brand because it is environmental friendly.
I purchase this brand because it has more environmental benefit than other products.

Green Perceived Value (Lin, Lobo, & Leckie, 2017)

This brand’s environmental functions provide very good value for me.
This brand is environmental friendly.
This brand has more environmental benefits than other brands.
This brand has more environmental concern than other brands.

Greenwash of Products (Horiuchi & Schuchard, 2009; Laufer, 2003)

This product misleads with words in its environmental features.
This product misleads with visuals or graphics in its environmental features.
This product possesses a green claim that is vague or seemingly un-provable.
This product overstates or exaggerates how its green functionality actually is.
This product leaves out or masks important information, making the green claim sound better than it is.

Green Transparency (Eggert & Helm, 2003)

This brand explains clearly how it controls the emissions caused by its production processes that could harm the environment.
Overall, this brand provides the information needed to understand the environmental impact of its production processes.
This brand provides relevant information regarding environmental issues associated with its production processes.
The environmental policies and practices of this brand are provided to customers in a clear and complete way

Guest interaction: Hotel Booking with Meituan.com (Kareem M. Selem, Muhammad Haroon Shoukat, Rimsha Khalid & Mohsin Raza, 2023)

Brand advocacy

I will try the new services and products that the hotel has introduced on Meituan.com.
I will discuss my frustrations with my friends and family about the services offered on Meituan.com.
I will refrain from commenting when Meituan.com introduces new options for contact methods with technical support.
Because I know Meituan.com’s distinctive features, I will favor this website.

Brand assistance

I can find the answers to my inquiries about hotel choices via Meituan.com.
Meituan.com support staff did not provide me with the hotel services I needed.
Meituan.com provided me with the room size and season offers that I required.
I can get more information about hotel services or products via Meituan.com.
I am familiar with the most recent hotel developments and guest reviews via Meituan.com.

Brand identification

Meituan.com reflects what I think I should do.
I have difficulty distinguishing Meituan.com from other hotel websites regarding additional hotel services.
Due to its significance, I chose Meituan.com.
I would feel embarrassed if the media criticized Meituan.com.
I believe my expertise is crucial to Meituan.com.
I frequently refer to Meituan.com as “us” rather than “them” when discussing it.
I dislike Meituan.com better.

Functional/hedonic value

Meituan.com is not practical and effective.
Meituan.com runs smoothly.
Meituan.com does its duties effectively.
Meituan.com is intriguing to me on a sensory level.
When I use Meituan.com, I feel pretty discontent.
Meituan.com is a genuine pleasure to use.

Guest interaction with Meituan.com information

The information on Meituan.com about discounts and special deals was ambiguous.
In my interaction with Meituan.com, online reviews of previous hotel guests are clear and straightforward.
The options of suites or room prices on Meituan.com made sense.
Meituan.com gave me a detailed overview of the contents of each room and other provided services.
The room rates on Meituan.com do not include the prices of recreational areas, swimming pools, and saunas.
Meituan.com failed to capture the thrill of making hotel reservations online.

Self-presentation

The expectations that run through the thoughts of my friends and family are by Meituan.com.
I interact with my friends and followers’ reviews on Meituan.com to gain their favor.
I do not prefer the services and goods offered on Meituan.com to provide a positive image of myself.
I interacted with Meituan.com hoping it would improve how my friends and followers see me.
Using Meituan.com, I demonstrate to others that I am a regular guest.

Social interaction

My experience using Meituan.com makes me feel like I belong to specific neighborhoods.
I engaged with other guests on Meituan.com and grew my social network.
I think I am interacting with other guests thanks to Meituan.com.
On Meituan.com, I am unable to interact with other guests.
Meituan.com has a very strong social interaction vibe.

Handmade (vs Machine-made) (Abouab & Gomez, 2015) This food production process is:

Artisanal/Industrial.
Manual/Automatic.
Involves humans/machines.

Healthiness (Fenko, Lotterman, & Galetzka, 2016)

I expect this product to be healthy.
I would con- sider this product as good for me.
The product looks healthy; This product looks low on calories.
I have an impression that this product is healthy.
This cookie seems to be healthier than other similar cookies.

Hedonic Orientation (Neeley, Min, & Kennet-Hensel, 2010)

Newness

I usually purchase brands of products that I have tried before. (reverse coded)
I generally buy products for the functions they provide. (reverse coded)
I buy brands that I am familiar with to avoid disappointment. (reverse coded)
Buying products that don’t perform certain functions is a waste of money. (reverse coded)

Feeling

Drinking wine allows me to transcend into a more peaceful place.
I like the way I feel when I drink wine.
I often buy products for the way they make me feel.

Entertainment

Going to the movies is a good way to spend an afternoon.
I enjoy going to the theatre.
I like listening to music as a way to escape everyday life.

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

Uncertainty avoidance (Jung & Kellaris, 2004)

I prefer structured situations to unstructured situations.
I prefer specific instructions to broad guidelines.
I tend to get anxious easily when I don’t know an outcome.
I feel stressful when I cannot predict consequences.
I would not take risks when an outcome cannot be predicted.
I believe that rules should not be broken for mere pragmatic reasons.
I don’t like ambiguous situations.

Collectivism (You and Donthu, 2002)

Individuals should consider the interest of the group as a top priority.
Individuals should stick with the group through difficulties.
Group success is more important than individuals success.
Group loyalty should be encouraged and go beyond individuals’ goals.

Collectivism (Yu, Liu, & Lee, 2018)

Individuals should sacrifice self-interest for the group Individuals should stick with the group even through difficulties.
Group welfare is more important than individual rewards.
Group success is more important than individual success.
Individuals should only pursue their goals after considering the welfare of the group.
Group loyalty should be encouraged even if individual goals suffer.

Masculinity (Kwok & Uncles, 2005)

It is more important for men to have a professional career than it is for women.
Men usually solve problems with logical analysis; women usually solve problems with intuition.
Solving difficult problems usually requires an active, forceful approach, which is typical of men.
There are some jobs that a man can always do better than a woman.

Media-Evoked Fantasy(Delancy H.S. Bennett, Geraldo Matos, Nwamaka A. Anaza, Cecilia Ruvalcaba & Mitchell Hamilton, 2023)

Factor 1: Identification

Reminds me of a similar event in my life
Shows the kind of things that I have personally gone through
Reminds me of events things that I have actually seen
Feel like they are telling my story

Factor 2: Passport

Presents a dangerous and exciting world
Provides me with a passport to a place I would not normally
be allowed to visit
Shows me things that I never imagine existed
Takes me away from the everyday

Olfactory Experience in Retail(Subhadip Roy & Priyanka Singh, 2022)

Company

I had a strong sense of smell while at the retail store
I was highly involved in the scents/smells in the retail setting
I was fully aware about the various scents/ smell in the store
My sense of smell was completely engaged while at the store
I was able to search the products easily in presence of scent (or using scent)
My interaction with the environment of scents and smell was natural

Congeniality

Scents/smell of this store is appealing
There was a pleasant atmosphere because of nice scents in the store
The overall mood in the store was due to pleasant smell
The air was pleasant in this store
The mixing and matching of scents in the store was nice
The store had repelling odor

Congruence

The scent suits the environment of store
The scent matches the products available in the store
The match between products and scents makes the shopping exciting
The match between products and scents makes the shopping easy
Matching scents with products attracts me towards this store
There was interference of scents in product choice

Thoughts and feelings

I am happy
I am pleased
I am satisfied
I am contented
I am hopeful
I am relaxed
I feel stimulated
I feel excited
I feel frenzied
I feel jittery
I feel aroused

Mood

After visiting the store I feel good/bad
Scent used in store makes my mood positive/ negative
Today’s store visit is good/bad
Scent used in store is good/ bad

Store attitude

The store is good
The store is pleasant
The store is comfortable
The store is motivating
The store is interesting

Store preference and revisit intention

This retail store is the best place to shop
When it comes to shopping this retail, store is my first preference
I intend to shop from this retail store in the future
In the future, this retail store is one of the first places I will look when I need to find certain kind of merchandise

Power distance (You & Donthu, 2002)

People in higher positions should not ask the opinions of people in lower positions too frequently.
People in higher positions should avoid social interaction with people in lower positions.
People in higher positions should not delegate important tasks to people in lower positions.
People in lower positions should not disagree with decisions made by people in higher positions.
People in higher positions should make most decisions without consulting people in lower positions.

Individualism (Triandis & Gelfand, 1998)

Horizontal individualism

I would rather depend on myself than others.
I rely on myself most of the time.
I rarely rely on others.
I often do “my own thing”.
My personal identity, independent of others, is very important to me.

Vertical individualism

It is important that I do my job better than others.
Winning is everything.
Competition is the law of nature.
When another person does better than I do, I get tense and disturbed.

Collectivism (Triandis & Gelfand, 1998)

Horizontal collectivism

If a coworker gets a prize, I feel proud.
The well-being of my coworkers is important to me.
To me, pleasure is spending time with others.
I feel good when I cooperate with others.

Vertical collectivism

Parents and children must stay together as much as possible.
It is my duty to take care of my family, even when I have to sacrifice what I want.
Family members should stick together, no matter what sacrifices are required to do so.
It is important to me that I respect the decisions made by my groups.

Long-Term Orientation (Yoo, Donthu, & Lenartowicz, 2011)

Careful management of money (Thrift).
Going on resolutely in spite of opposition (Persistence).
Personal steadiness and stability.
Long-term planning.
Giving up today’s fun for success in the future Working hard for success in the future.

Human-to-human Interactivity (Parks & Floyd, 1996; Liu, 2017)

Playing online games enables me to make friends.
I enjoy meeting the friends I make while playing online games.
Communicating with others is useful for playing online games.
Cooperating with others makes online games more enjoyable.

Human-to-machine Interactivity (Parks & Floyd, 1996; Liu, 2017)

Online games themselves advise me what to do.
Online games themselves advise me of necessary information.
Online games themselves advise me properly in each situation.

Importance of signalling green consumption (Park & John, 2010)

Using products made of ocean plastics reflect who I am.
Using products made of ocean plastics would communicate who I am to other people.
By using products made of ocean plastics, I would feel more positive about myself.
By using products made of ocean plastics I would make a better impression on other people.

Intangible Cultural Heritage (Su, Li, Wu, & Yao, 2021)

Historical value

I think this ICH program is a reflection of and witness to historical development.
This ICH program is a supplement to the deficiency of traditional historical records.
I think this ICH program is a continuation of history and culture in the contemporary era.
This ICH program has a long history.
I think this ICH program is a reflection of the cultural tradition of the community.

Economic value

I think that the commercial development of this ICH program can bring some benefits to the inheritor.
I think the development of this ICH program can generate economic income for the local area.
I think that the protection of this ICH program can promote the employment of local people.
I think this ICH program is a resource with commercial development value.
I think the ICH program has economic value.

Symbolic value

I think this ICH program has rich humanistic symbolic significance.
I think this ICH program is a symbol of the prosperity and development of mass culture.
I think this ICH program is a symbol of excellent culture.
I think this ICH program is a symbol that distinguished this region from other regions.

Aesthetic value

I think this ICH program is in line with the aesthetics of contemporary people.
I think this ICH program has a certain entertainment value.
I think this ICH program can give people aesthetic enjoyment.
I think this ICH program is a cultural landscape.

Social value

I think this ICH program reflects cultural diversity.
I think this ICH program has cultural influence.
I think this ICH program is an important achievement of human civilization.
I think this ICH program can enhance local influence.

Spiritual value

I think this ICH program has spiritual value.
I think this ICH program has strengthened my feelings about this place.
I think this ICH program reflects the spirit of the nation.

Integration of Online and Offline Information (Yang, Gong, Land, & Chesney, 2019)

The online finished order can be confirmed effectively by merchants offline.
The online ID of consumers can be confirmed offline conveniently.
The offline information of products and inventory is simultaneously related to online information.
Offline consumer experience could be posted online promptly.
The online information about sales, comments, etc. is available to consumers in the store.
Online orders can be responded and reminded promptly by merchants.

Internal Branding (Santos-Vijande, del Rio Lanza, Suarez Alvarez, & Diaz Martin, 2013)

Employees attend workshops about objectives and characteristics of brands.
Employees periodically receive information about brands and brand management.
Employee sufficiently understand brand(s) objectives.
Brand(s) image among employees is periodically assessed.
Different departments freely share information about brand(s).

Locavorism (Kim & Huang, 2021)

Lionization

Locally produced foods just taste better.
Locally produced foods are more nutritious than foods that have been shipped from somewhere else.

Opposition

I don’t trust foods that have been produced by large, multinational corporations.
Large, global food systems are destined to fail.
I would go out of my way to avoid buying food from a large retail grocery chain.
I feel uneasy eating something unless.
I know exactly where it was produced.

Communalization

Buying locally produced foods supports sustainable farming practices.
Buying local foods helps build a more prosperous community.
I like to support local farmers whenever possible.
Supporting the local food economy is important to me.

Loneliness (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980)

I feel in tune with the people around me.
I lack companionship.
There is no one I can turn to.
I do not feel alone.
I feel part of a group of friends.
I have a lot in common with the people around me.
I am no longer close to anyone.
My interests and ideas are not shared by those around me.
I am an outgoing person.
There are people I feel close to.
I feel left out.
My social relationships are superficial.
No one really knows me well.
I feel isolated from others.
I can find companionship when I want it.
There are people who really understand me.
I am unhappy being so withdrawn.
People are around me but not with me.
There are people I can talk to.
There are people I can turn to.

Love of Money (Tang, Furnham, & Davis, 2002)

Importance

Money is important.
Money is valuable.
Money is good.
Money is an important factor in the lives of all of us.
Money is attractive.

Success

Money represents my achievement.
Money is a symbol of my success.
Money reflects my accomplishments.
Money is how we compare each other.

Motivator

I am motivated to work hard for money.
Money reinforces me to work harder.
I am highly motivated by money.
Money is a motivator.

Rich

Having a lot of money (being rich) is good.
It would be nice to be rich.
I want to be rich.
My life will be more enjoyable, if I am rich and have more money.

Luxury Values (Wiedmann, Hennigs, & Siebels, 2009)

Functional Value

Usability Value

In my opinion, luxury is really useless.
In my opinion, luxury is just swanky.
In my opinion, luxury is pleasant.
In my opinion, luxury is old-fashioned.
In my opinion, luxury is good.
Luxury products make life more beautiful.
I am not interest in luxury.

Uniqueness Value

A luxury product cannot be sold in supermarkets.
True luxury products cannot be mass-produced.
Few people own a true luxury product.
People who buy luxury products try to differentiate themselves from the others.

Quality Value

I’m inclined to evaluate the substantive attributes and performance of a luxury brand myself rather than listen to other’s opinions.
The luxury brand preferred by many people but that does not meet my quality standards will never enter into my purchase consideration.
I buy a luxury brand for satisfying my personal needs without any attempt to make an impression on other people.

Individual Value

Self-identity Value

I never buy a luxury brand inconsistent with the characteristics with which I describe myself.
The luxury brands I buy must match what and who I really am.
My choice of luxury brands depends on whether they reflect how I see myself but not how others see me.

Materialistic Value

My life would be better if I owned certain things I don’t have.
I’d be happier if I could afford to buy more things.
It sometimes bothers me quite a bit that I can’t afford to buy all the things I’d like.
I have all the things I really need to enjoy life.

Hedonic Value – Self-gifts giving

Purchasing luxury brands can be seen as giving me gifts to celebrate an occasion that I believe significant to me.
On the whole, I may regard luxury brands as gifts I buy for treating myself.
When in a bad mood, I may buy luxury brands as self-given gifts for alleviating the emotional burden.
Reward for hard work or that I feel I have earned or am entitled to is an important motivator for my luxury consumption.
To me, luxury consumption is a way to reduce stress.

Hedonic Value – Extravagance

I enjoy spending money on things that aren’t practical.
I usually buy only the things I need.
Buying things gives me a lot of pleasure.

Hedonic Value – Self-directed Pleasure

Luxury brands are on of the sources for my own pleasure without regard to the feelings of others.
I can enjoy luxury brands entirely on my own terms no matter what others may feel about them.

Hedonic Value – Life Enrichment

For me as a luxury consumer, cultural development is an important motivator.
Purchasing luxury brands provides deeper meaning in my life.
Self-actualization is an important motivator for my luxury consumption.
Luxury consumption enhances the quality of my life.

Social Value

Prestige Value in Social Networks

I like to know what brands and products make good impressions on others.
I usually keep up with style changes by watching what other buy.
Before purchasing a product it is important to know what brands or products to buy to make good impressions on others.
Before purchasing a product it is important to know what kinds of people buy certain brands or products.
Before purchasing a product it is important to know what others think of people who use certain brands or products.
I tend to pay attention to what others are buying.
Before purchasing a product it is important to know what my friends think of different brands or products.
I actively avoid using products that are not in style.
If I were to buy something expensive, I would worry about what others would think of me.
Social standing is an important motivator for my luxury consumption.
For me as a luxury consumer, sharing with friend is an important motivator.
I often consult my friends to help choose the best alternative available from a product category.
My friend and I tend to buy the same brands.

Marketing Orientation (Narver, Slater, & MacLachlan, 2004)

Proactive

We help our customers anticipate developments in their markets.
We continuously try to discover additional needs of our customers of which they are unaware.
We incorporate solutions to unarticulated customer needs in our new products and services.
We brainstorm on how customers use our products obsolete.
We search for opportunities in areas where customers have a difficult time expressing their needs.
We work closely with lead users who try to recognize customer needs months or even years before the majority of the market may recognize them.
We extrapolate key trends to gain insight into what users in a current market will need in the future.

Responsive

We constantly monitor our level of commitment and orientation to serving customer needs.
We freely communicate information about our successful and unsuccessful customer experiences across all business functions.
Our strategy for competitive advantage is based on our understanding of customers’ needs.
We measure customer satisfaction systematically and frequently.
We are more customer-focused than our competitors.
I believe this business exists primarily to serve customers.
Data on customer satisfaction are disseminated at all levels in this business unit on a regular basis.

Materialism (Kilbourne & Pickett, 2008)

Success

I admire people who own expensive homes, cars and clothes.
Some of the most important achievements in life include acquiring possessions.

Happiness

I have all the things really need to enjoy life. (R)
My life would be better if I owned certain things I don’t have.
I’d be happier if I could afford to buy more things.

Materialism (Fastoso & Gonzalez-Jimenez, 2019)

Success

I admire people who own expensive homes, cars, and clothes.
The things I own say a lot about how well I’m doing in life.

Centrality

Buying things gives me a lot of pleasure.
I like a lot of luxury in my life.

Happiness

My life would be better if I owned certain things I don’t have.
I’d be happier if I could afford to buy more things.

Material Self (Bagozzi, Ruvio, & Xie, 2020)

Material self-projection

I choose products and brands that will make others evaluate me favorably as a person.
I like to own things that impress others.
I tend to buy things that influence other people’s favorable opinion of me.
I care about what my material possessions signal to others.

Materialistic evaluation of others

I tend to evaluate others by the things they own.
I admire people who own expensive homes, cars, and clothes.
I like associates with people who have an expensive lifestyle.
I value the material objects other people own.

Emotional self-assurance

Sometimes I buy things because it helps me overcome negative feelings (sadness, anxiety, frustration).
Shopping and buying things make me feel good (happy, joyful, proud).
Shopping and buying things are fun for me.
I love to buy and own things.

Self-deservingness

I have worked hard to get where I am and am entitled to the “good things in life”.
I think that there is nothing wrong with enjoying the fruits of your labor if you can.
I deserve to buy things to pamper myself.
I deserve to splurge on myself every now and then.

Marketing Analytics & Organizational Culture (ALAMIR COSTA LOURO, JURIJ JAKLIČ & MARCELO MOLL BRANDÃO, 2023)

AIQ – Indicators of Analytical Information Quality – Dimension of Adaptive Analytics

Our team has efficiently combined transaction data with external data.
Analytical information has become more relevant to the organization.
Analytical information has become more accurate for the organization.
Our team provides Analytical information promptly to the organization.

TE – Indicators of Team Expertise- Dimension of Adaptive Analytics

In our team, the problem-solving process involves experimentation with quantitative evidence.
In our team, we consider experimentation with quantitative evidence regardless of the type of problem to be solved.
Our team is competent regarding statistical abilities.
Our team is competent regarding programming abilities.
Our team shows a superior comprehension of technological tendencies.
Our team shows superior skills to learn new technologies.
Our team is very capable of dealing with data.
Our team understands our organization plans.
Our team is competent in interpreting business problems.
Our team has an open mind to the organization’s customer’s necessities.
Our team is immersed in the observation of the organization’s business environment.

ACAP-Indicators of Exploitative Learning of Absorptive Capacity

Our team has effective routines to identify new market data.
Our team has adequate routines to assimilate new market data.
Our team is effective in transforming existing market Information.
Our team is effective in experimenting market Information into new products/services.

MARKETING CAPABILITIES

Our organization has knowledge of competitors.
Our organization has effectiveness in advertising programs.
Our organization has integrated marketing activities.
Our organization has skills to segment and target markets.
Our organization has effectiveness of pricing programs.
Our organization has knowledge of customers.

ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Compared to our competitors, customers perceive that in our organization they receive their money’s worth for purchasing our products/services.
Our customer retention rate is as high as or higher than that of our competitors.
Our sales growth rate is as high as or higher than that of our competitors.
Our overall competitive position is strong in our business sector.
The profitability of our organization is good relative to the overall performance of our business sector.
Our organization achieved its goal in terms of market share?

ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE

Our organization is a very personal place. It is like an extended family. People seem to share a lot of themselves.
Our organization is a very dynamic entrepreneurial place. People are willing to stick their necks out and take risks.
Our organization is very results oriented. A major concern is with getting the job done. People are very competitive and achievement oriented.
Our organization is a very controlled and structured place. Formal procedures generally govern what people do.
The organization emphasizes human development. High trust, openness, and participation persist.
The organization emphasizes acquiring new resources and creating new challenges. Trying new things and prospecting for opportunities are valued.
The organization emphasizes competitive actions and achievement. Hitting stretch targets and winning in the marketplace are dominant.
The organization emphasizes permanence and stability. Efficiency, control and smooth operations are important.

Masstige Marketing(Muhammad Ishtiaq Ishaq, Ali Raza, Boris Bartikowski, Huma Sarwar & Zia-ur-Rehman, 2023)

MasCal Scale

Brand Knowledge
Self-Congruence
Prestige
Brand Loyalty
Willingness to Pay Premium Price

MMI Scale

Brand Knowledge and Prestige
Perceived Quality
Excitement and Status

Memories (Oh, Fiore, & Jeong, 2007)

I have wonderful memories of my visit to this resort.
I won’t forget my experience visiting this resort.
I will remember many positive things about this resort.

Mobile SNS Addiction (Turel & Serenko, 2012)

Using WeChat on smartphone sometimes interferes with other things.
My social life has sometimes suffered because of using WeChat on smartphones.
When I am not using WeChat on smartphones, I often feel agitated.
I have made unsuccessful attempts to reduce the time using WeChat on smartphones.
I find it difficult to control my WeChat use on smartphones

Money Meaning (Rose, Bakir, & Gentina, 2016)

Achievement

Money is a symbol of success.
I value money very highly as a sign of success.
Money represents one’s achievement.

Budget

I spend my money very carefully.
I spend my money wisely.
I budget my money very well.

Status

I own nice things to impress others.
I must admit that I purchase things because I know they will impress others.
I sometimes buy things that I really do need to impress people.

Security

It is very important to me to save money for the future.
I prefer to save money because I never know when I will need the cash.
Saving money gives me a sense of security.

Worry

I worry that I will not be able to make enough money in the future.
Not having enough money is one of my major fears.
I worry a lot about money.

Evil

Money causes people to behave in dishonest ways.
Money has a bad influence on character.
Money corrupts.

Natural Content (Steptoe, Pollard, & Wardle, 1995)

It is important to me that the food I eat on a typical day…

… contains no additives.
… contains natural ingredients.
… contains no artificial ingredients.

Natural Food (Adherence to) (Backstrom, Pirttila, & Tuorila, 2004)

I value things being in accordance with nature.
I trust in organically grown food.
In my opinion, organically grown products are no better than conventionally grown. (R)
I feel good when I eat clean and natural food.
I would like to eat only food with no additives.

Natural Product Interest (Roininen, Lahteenmaki, & Tuorila, 1999)

I try to eat foods that do not contain additives.
I do not worry about additives in my daily diet. (R)
I do not eat processed foods, because I do not know what they contain.
I eat mostly organically grown fruit and vegetables.
In my opinion, artificially flavored foods are not harmful for my health (R)
In my opinion, organically grown foods are no better for my health than those grown conventionally. (R)

Naturalness (Importance) (Tobler, Visschers, & Siegrist, 2011)

The more natural a product is, the better its nutrients and vitamins are.
Natural foods taste better than other foods.
Natural foods are better for my health.
I avoid foods that contain artificial preservatives.
I well when I eat natural foods.
When I purchase foods, I make sure that these are natural.

Need for Sense-making (Cantarero, van Tilburg, Gąsiorowska & Wojciszke, 2021)

I like it when I stop feeling bored.
I often get engaged in meaningful activities.
When I’m in a new situation I can’t avoid searching for meaning in it.
When I can’t make sense of a situation I usually feel upset.
When I do something that is meaningless I feel bad.
When I do something that is meaningful I feel good.
When I can’t find the purpose of a situation it’s unpleasant.
Even if a new situation is of little importance I would still try to find the purpose of it.
I don’t like to feel bored.
I prefer to do things that are meaningful.
When I am in a new situation I try to find meaning in it.
When I make sense of a situation it is pleasant to me.
Usually, when I do something that is meaningless I want to switch to something else.
Usually, when I encounter an unclear situation I try to make sense of it.
When I feel bored I quickly try too do something to change it.
When things have no meaning it doesn’t bother me at all.
I don’t pursue purposeful activities.
I search for activities that serve a purpose.
I often engage myself in making sense of different situations.
I tend to search for the meaning of unclear situations until I find it.
I don’t mind feeling bored.
I avoid situations that make no sense.
I don’t like it when things serve no purpose.
I don’t usually try to find the purpose of things.
Doing pointless activities doesn’t bother me.
When I’m in an unexpected situation, the first thing that I want to do is to find meaning in it.
When I evaluate an activity as pointless I lose interest in doing it.
I often wonder what the relationships are between things.
I avoid doing boring things.

Need Satisfaction Inventory (Lester, 1990)

Physiological needs

I never have trouble getting to sleep at night.
I have an income that is adequate to satisfy my needs.
I get an adequate amount of rest.
I have a satisfactory sex life.
In general, my health is good.
In winter, I always feel too cold.
I eat enough to satisfy my physiological needs.
I get an adequate amount of exercise.
There’s usually some part of my body that is giving me trouble.
The summers are too hot for me ever to feel comfortable.

Safety and security

I think the words is a pretty safe place these days.
I would not walk alone in my neighborhood at night.
My anxiety level is high.
I feel secure about the amount of money I have and earn.
I feel safe and secure.
I am afraid to stay in my house/apartment alone at night.
My life is orderly and well-defined.
I can depend on others to help me when I am in need.
I am often worried about my physical health.
My life has a nice routine to it.

Belonging

I know my family will support me and be on my side no matter what.
I am involved in a significant love relationship with another.
I feel rootless.
I have a group of friends with whom I do things.
I feel somewhat socially isolated.
I have a few intimate friends on whom I can rely.
I feel close to my relatives.
I am interested in my ethnic roots and feel a kinship with others in my ethnic group.
I am religious and consider myself to be a member of a religious group.
I am able to confide my innermost thoughts and feelings to at least one close and intimate friend.

Esteem

I feel dissastified with myself much of the time.
I feel respected by my peers.
I seldom have fears that my actions will cause my friends to have a low opinion of me.
I can stand on my own two feet.
I feel confident in my present field of endeavor.
I would describe myself as a self-confident person.
I have earned the respect of others.
I do not spend much time worrying about what people think of me.
I feel that I am a worthy person.
In groups, I usually feel that my opinions are inferior to those of other people.

Self-actualization

I have a good idea of what I want to do with my life.
My life has meaning.
I am uncertain about my goals in life.
I feel I am living up to my potential.
I am seeking maturity.
I find my work challenging.
I know what my capabilities are and what I can not do.
I feel I am doing the best I am capable of.
I feel that I am growing as a person.
My educational achievements are appropriate given my ability.

Need Satisfaction (Taormina & Gas, 2013)

“I am completely satisfied with …”

Physiological

The quality of the food I eat every day.
The amount of food that I eat every day.
The quality of the water I drink every day.
The amount of water that I drink every day.
The amount of heating I have when the weather is cold.
The amount of cooling I have when the weather is hot
The quality of the air I breathe every day.
The amount of sex I am having.
The quality of sex I am having.
Every aspect of my physical health.
The amount of sleep I get to feel thoroughly relaxed.
The quality of sleep I get to feel fully refreshed.
The amount of exercise I get to keep me healthy.
The type of exercise I get to keep my body toned.
My overall physical strength.

Safety-Security

The quality of the house/apartment I am living in.
The space available for me in my house/apartment.
How secure I am in my house/apartment
How safe I am from being physically attacked.
The safety of my neighborhood.
How safe I am from catching any diseases.
How secure I am from disasters.
How protected I am from dangers in the environment.
The protection that the police provide for me.
The protection that the law provides for me.
How safe I am from destructive terrorist acts.
How safe I am from acts of war.
My financial security.
My ability to get money whenever I need it.
The money I reserved for me to have a secure retirement

Belongingness

The amount of rapport I share with the people I know.
The quality of the relationships I have with my friends.
The love I receive from my spouse/partner.
The intimacy I share with my immediate family.
The camaraderie I share with my colleagues.
How much I am welcomed in my community.
The warmth I share with my relatives.
The emotional support I receive from my friends.
The feeling of togetherness I have with my family.
How much I am cared for by my spouse/partner.
The happiness I share with my companions.
The sympathy I receive from my confidants.
The enjoyment I share with associates.
The affection shown to me by my friends.
The closeness I feel with my associates

Esteem

The admiration given to my by others.
The honor that many people give me.
How much other people respect me as a person*
The prestige I have in the eyes of other people*
How highly other people think of me*
The high esteem that other people have for me*
The recognition I receive from various people*
The high regard that other people have for me*
How much I like the person that I am**
How sure I am of myself**
How much respect I have for myself**
All the good qualities I have as a person**
My sense of self-worth**
The amount of esteem I have for myself**
How positive I feel about myself as a person**

Note for the esteem measures:
*Items that represent esteem from others.
** Items that represent esteem from self

Self-Actualization
For this measure, respondents were asked to indicate how much they agreed or disagreed that the items described them

I am totally comfortable with all facets of my personality.
I feel that I am completely self-fulfilled.
I am now being the person I always wanted to be.
I am finally realizing all of my innermost desires.
I indulge myself as much as I want.
I am now enjoying everything I ever wanted from my life.
I completely accept all aspects of myself.
My actions are always according to my own values.
I am living my life the way I want.
I do the things I like to do whenever I want.
I am actually living up to all my capabilities.
I am living my life to the fullest.

Negative online brand engagement(Xinyu Dong & Cleopatra Veloutsou and Anna Morgan-Thomas, 2024)

Affective

This brand can make me upset.
I experience negative emotions about this brand very strongly.
I detest this brand.
I can use many negative words to describe my feelings towards the
brand.
This brand arouses intense negative emotions.

Cognitive

My mind is attracted by anything critical about the brand.
If there is anything damning about the brand, I tend to notice it.
I become aware of anything negative about the brand.
I tend to observe anything negative about the brand.
I consider the negative issues related to the brand.

Online constructive behaviour

If I have the opportunity, I post online negative views to help or improve the brand.
If I have the opportunity, I share online negative comments to help or
improve the brand.
If I have the opportunity, I express online my negative thoughts to help or improve the brand.

Online destructive behaviour

If I have the opportunity, I take part in online movements against the
brand aiming to hurt or damage the brand.
If I have the opportunity, I post online negative views to hurt or
damage the brand.
If I have the opportunity, I share online negative comments I noticed
hurt or damage the brand.
If I have the opportunity, I express online my negative thoughts to
hurt or damage the brand.

New Ecological Paradigm (Dunlap, Liere, Mertig, & Jones, 2001; Derdowski, Grahn, Hansen, & Skeiseid, 2020)

We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support
Humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs (r).
When humans interfere with nature, it often produces disastrous consequences.
Human ingenuity will ensure that we do NOT make the earth unlivable (r).
Humans are severely abusing the environment.
The earth has plenty of natural resources if we just learn how to develop them (r).
Plants and animals have as much right as human to exist.
The balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations (r).
Despite our special abilities, humans are still subject to the laws of nature.
The so-called ecological crisis facing humankind has been greatly exaggerated (r).
The earth is like a spaceship with very limited room and resources.
Humans were meant to rude over the rest of nature (r).
Humans will eventually learn enough about how nature works to be able to control it (r).
The balance of nature is very delicate and easily upset.
If things continue on their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological catastrophe.

Olfactory Experience (Roy & Singh, 2022)

Company

I had a strong sense of smell while at the retail store.
I was highly involved in the scents/smells in the retail setting.
I was fully aware about the various scents/smell in the store.
My sense of smell was completely engaged while at the store.
I was able to search the products easily in presence of scent (or using scent).
My interaction with the environment of scents and smell was natural.

Congeniality

Scents/smell of this store is appealing.
There was a pleasant atmosphere because of nice scents in the store.
The overall mood in the store was due to pleasant smell.
The air was pleasant in this store.
The mixing and matching of scents in the store was nice.
The store had repelling odor

Congruence

The scent suits the environment of store.
The scent matches the products available in the store.
The match between products and scents makes the shopping exciting
The match between products and scents makes the shopping easy.
Matching scents with products attracts me towards this store.
There was interference of scents in product choice.

Online Game Loyalty (Huang & Hsieh, 2011)

I will recommend the games I played to others.
I repeat playing those online games.
I frequently return to the online games that I participated before.
I will say positive things about the games I played to others.

Opinion Leadership (Flynn, Goldsmith, & Eastman, 1996)

Other people rarely ask me about rock cd’s before they choose one for themselves.
My opinion on rock [fashion; environmentally friendly products] seems not to count with other people.
My opinions influence what types of recording other people buy.
Other people think that I am a poor source of information on rock music.
When they choose a rock music recording [fashionable clothing; “green” products], other people do not turn to me for advice.
Other people [rarely] come to me for advice about choosing cd’s and tapes [fashionable clothing; products that are good for the environment].
People that I know pick rock music [clothing; “green” products] based on what I have told them.
People rarely repeat things I have told them about popular rock music to other people.
What I say about rock music rarely changes other people’s minds.
I often persuade other people to buy the rock music [fashions; “green” products] that I like.
I often influence people’s opinions about popular rock [clothing; environmentally correct products].

Opinion Leadership (Casalo, Flavian, & Ibañez-Sanchez, 2018)

This Instagram account serves as a model for others.
This Instagram account is one step ahead of others.
This Instagram account offers interesting pictures that suggest new ideas about fashion.
This Instagram account persuades people to dress like the account pictures suggest.
This Instagram account influences people’s opinions about fashion.
I used this Instagram account as a source of information.

Opinion Leadership (Gentina, Butori, & Heath, 2014)

I talk to my friends about clothes very often.
In discussion of clothes, what happens most often is that I tell my friends about clothes.
Overall in all of my discussions with friends, I am often used as a source of advice.
During the past six months, I have told a number of people about clothes.
When I talk to my friends about clothes, I give a great deal of information.
Compared with my circle of friends, I am very likely to be asked about clothes.

Opinion Leadership (Nejad & Javid, 2018)

People that I know make financial decisions based on what I tell them.
I often persuade others to manage their personal finances the way that I like and prefer.
I often influence others’ opinions about managing personal finances.

Perceived Authenticity of Hallmark Event Brands (Yawen He, Jianfeng Ma & Pan Zhang, 2023)

Perceived consistency of HEB

This hallmark event brand has a strong connection with host destination.
This hallmark event brand relies on local unique resources.
This hallmark event brand image is congruence with the ones of host destination.
The features of this hallmark event brand are congruence with host destination.

Perceived uniqueness of HEB

This hallmark event brand offers experiences that other events hardly imitate.
The atmosphere of this hallmark event brand is hard to feel in other events.
This hallmark event brand is held in an environment that other events are difficult to provide.
The special activities of this hallmark event brand are difficult to be replicated by other events.

Perceived integrity of HEB

This brand accomplishes its value commitment to tourists.
This is an honest brand.
This hallmark event brand is no false or exaggerated propaganda.

Perception of Green Image (Jeong, Jang, Day, & Ha, 2014)

HA behaves in a social conscious way.
I have the impression that HA makes efforts to protect the environment.
HA is concerned about the preservation of the environment.
I have the feeling that HA is not only concerned about the profit but also concerned about the environment

Perceived Business Ethic (Brunk, 2012)

(company/brand) respects moral norms;
(…) always adheres to the law;
(…) is a socially responsible company/product/brand;
(…) avoids damaging behaviour at all cost;
(…) is a good company/product/brand; and
(…) will make a decision only after careful consideration of the potential positive or negative consequences for all those involved.

Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility (La & Choi, 2019)

I think the company always respects(ed) the norms defined in the law when carrying out its activities.
I think the company is concerned to fulfill its obligations vis-a-vis its shareholders, suppliers, distributors and other agents with whom it deals.
I think the company behaves ethically/honestly with its customers.
I think the company respects ethical principles in its relationships over achieving superior economic performance.

Perceived Design Affordance (Dhouha El Amri & Houcine Akrout, 2020)

Functional / Aesthetic

We can immediately see what this product can be used for
Product design informs me about what the product can do
The shape of the product allows me to detect its different uses
The shape of the product reveals its features
The context of the product’s use tells me what it can do
The potential offered by the product makes it easier for me to understand what it can do

Social / Symbolic

Product design gives me happiness
Product design allows me to value myself socially
Product design gives me more self-confidence
Product design allows me to express and differentiate myself
Having a product with this design makes me proud to show it off

Perceived Ease of Use (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1989)

Learning to operate this app is easy for me.
I would find it easy to get this app to do what I want it to do.
It would be easy for me to become skillful at using this app.
I find this app easy to use.

Perceived Ethicalness (Le & Supphellen, 2017)

(The company hold a high ethical standard.
Overall, I believe (the company) is ethical.
Overall, I believe ethical problems do not occur with (the company).

Perceived Financial Well-Being (Kelmara Mendes Vieira and Taiane Keila Matheis, Aureliano Angel Bressan, Ani Caroline Grigion Potrich & Leander Luiz Klein and Tamara Otilia Amaral Rosenblum, 2023)

Financial Security

Having a stable financial future
Don’t go through tight financial situations.
Being able to pay the bills without much effort
Acquiring assets to have financial security for me and my family
Financial security, meeting my needs, Planning for Future Issues
You can always honor your commitments and have leftovers to make investments, financial or capital
Having more money this month than last month

Financial tranquility

Financial well-being is less stress, more peace of mind
Feeling good with the income
Don’t lose sleep worrying if you have the money to honor your commitments
You can afford to slow down your work whenever you want
Peaceful life
The prospect of having enough financial income to cover expenses plus losses from inflation, brings me peace of mind
Being able to calmly decide how to invest my money

Financial Freedom

To support the family with an adequate standard of living
Free and financially independent
To be able to enjoy things that bring wellbeing and do not harm the financial budget
To be able to meet your needs
Live in peace
Being able to afford to slow down your work whenever you want
Having accessible dreams

Satisfaction with financial management

Balance of accounts
Feeling comfortable with your financial life
To be able to satisfy all your needs without putting your financial health at risk
Person organized financially
Balance between income x expenditure
Balance spending with gains
It can meet your needs whether they are basic or not

Perceived Green Product Utility (Chang, 2011)

Green products are good for the environment.
Green products can effectively reduce pollution.

Personality of Parks (Vanessa Quintal, Billy Sung, Matthew Tingchi Liu & Chien Van Duong, 2024)

National

Tranquil
Genuine
Rugged
Exciting
Competent
Sophisticated
Contemporary

Urban

Tranquil
Genuine
Competent
Contemporary
Exciting
Sophisticated
Rugged

Perceived Quality (Yoo & Donthu, 2002)

X is of high quality.
The likely quality of X is extremely high.
The likelihood that X would be functional is very high.
The likelihood that X is reliable is very high.
X must be of very good quality.
X appears to be of very poor quality. 􏰈(r)

Perceived Justice (Roggeveen, Tsiros, & Grewal, 2012)

Outcome

The outcome that I received was fair.
I got what I deserved.
The outcome that I received was right.

Process

In resolving the problem, (the company) gave me what I needed.
The way in which the problem was resolved was appropriate.
The way (the company) dealt with this issue was reasonable.

Perceived Value (Sweeney & Soutar, 2001)

Funcional Value (Performance/Quality)

This product has consistent quality.
This product is well made.
This product has an acceptable standard of quality.
This product has poor workmanship
This product would not last a long time.
This product would perform consistently

Emotional Value

This product is one that I would enjoy.
This product would make me want to use it.
This product is one that I would feel relaxed about using.
This product would make me feel good.
This product would give me pleasure.

Social Value

This product would help me to feel acceptable.
This product would improve the way I am perceived.
This product would make a good impression on other people.
This product would give its owner social approval.

Perceived Value of Mall (El-Adly & Did, 2016)

Hedonic

I feel excited about walking into that mall.
I feel sense of joy to look at the merchandise in that mall.
It is fun to be in that mall.
I feel happy going to that mall because of its environment.
Compared to other things I could have done, the time spent in that mall was truly enjoyable.

Self-gratification

Shopping trip to that mall truly felt as an escape from life pressure.
While shopping, I was able to forget my problems.
Shopping trip to that mall helped me to release stress and to relax.
For me, doing shopping in that mall is a way to do something different from daily routine.

Utilitarian

This mall can satisfy all family members.
Every family member can find what he/she wants in that mall.
I prefer shopping in that mall because it has a variety of activities to satisfy everyone in the family.
I prefer shopping in that mall because it has a variety of stores and products to satisfy everyone in the family.

Epistemic

I like shopping in that mall to get ideas about new trends, fashion, and style.
I do shopping in that mall to see what’s interesting or innovative.
I like to go to that mall to learn interesting ways of decoration and dressing models.
I really enjoy looking around in that mall to keep up with newest trends and fashion.

Social interaction

I often go to that mall with friends, family to have fun and make good memories.
I often go to that mall with friends not necessarily buying anything but to have good time interacting with each other.
I used to go to that mall to socialize with friends and family.

Transaction

I feel good when I get some real bargain in that mall.
I enjoy the thrill of finding that one expensive piece on sale.
I consider my shopping trip is successful when I find bargains.

Time convenience

It is convenient for me to shop at that mall because it works till late.
I prefer shopping in that mall because it works continuously without breaks.
Whenever I want doing shopping in that mall I find it open.

Perceived Value of the Purchase of a Tourism product (Sanchez, Callarisa, Rodriguez, & Moliner, 2006)

Functional value of the travel agency (installations)

The installations were spacious, modern and clean.
The establishment was neat and well organised.
The distribution of the interior favoured confidentiality and privacy.
The establishment was well located (easily found, central and/or with good transport links).
The display window was attractive and eye-catching.

Functional value of the personnel of the travel agency (professionalism)

They knew their job well.
Their advice was valuable.
They knew the tourism package.
They were a good professional and they were up-to-date about new items and trends.

Functional value of the tourism package (quality)

The tourism package purchased was well organised.
Relative to other tourism packages purchased had an acceptable level of quality.
The quality of the tourism package was maintained throughout.
The result was as expected.

Functional value price

The tourism package purchased was reasonably priced.
It was a good purchase for the price paid.
The price was the main criterion for the decision.

Emotional value of the purchase

I liked the travel agency.
I felt relaxed in the travel agency.
I enjoyed purchasing in it.
I was comfortable in it.
The personnel were kind and friendly You could see the personnel meant well.
The personnel were always willing to satisfy my wishes as a customer, whatever. product I wanted to buy The personnel were pleasant.
The personnel gave me a positive feeling.
The personnel didn’t pressure me to decide quickly.
I felt really appreciated by the travel agency staff.
I like the tourism package I purchased With the tourism package I purchased I feel relaxed.
I enjoy the tourism package purchased I am comfortable with the tourism package purchased.

Social value of the purchase

The travel agency performs services for many people that I know.
The people who use its services have a certain level and style.
Using its services has improved the way others perceive me.
The people who use its services obtain social approval.
This tour operator’s tourism packages are used by many people that I know.
They are people with a certain level and style Purchasing this package improved the way others perceive me.
People who take this package obtain social approval.

Perceived Value of the Purchase (Fandos-Roig, Sanchez-Garcia, Moliner-Terna, & Llorens, 2006)

Functional value of the establishment (installations)

The installations favour the confidentiality and the privacy of dealings.
It seems tidy and well organised.
The installations are spacious, modern and clean.
It is easy to find and accessible.

Functional value contact personnel (professionalism)

The personnel know their job well.
The personnel’s knowledge is up to date.
The information provided by the personnel has always been very valuable to me.
The personnel have knowledge of all the services offered by the entity.

Functional value of the service purchased (quality)

The service as a whole is correct.
The quality has been maintained all of the time.
The level of quality is acceptable in comparison with other entities.
The results of the service received were as expected.

Functional value price

The payment of interest or commission is fully justified.
The service is good for the expense it causes me.
The total cost that it causes me is reasonable.

Emotional value

I am happy with the financial services contracted.
I feel relaxed.
The personnel give me positive feelings.
The personnel don’t hassle me.
In general I feel at ease.

Social value

It is very well considered at a social level.
The fact that I come here looks good to the people I know.

Perceived Value of Travel Experience (Prebensen, Kim, & Uysal, 2015)

Physical value

This winter experience has a consistent level of quality.
This winter experience is well formed.
This experience has an acceptable standard of quality.
This experience is well organized.

Emotional value

This winter experience gives me a feeling of well-being.
This winter experience is exciting.
This winter experience is stimulating.
This winter experience makes me happy.

Social value

Participating in this winter experience enables me to create a good impression.
Participating in this winter experience enables me to impress other people.
Participating in this winter experience makes me feel more socially accepted.

Economic value

The price paid for this experience is reasonable.
The prices for additional services are acceptable.
This experience represents “value” for money.
This winter experience is correctly priced.

Learning value

This winter experience makes me feel like an adventurer.
This winter experience satisfies my curiosity.
This winter experience provides authentic/genuine experiences.
This winter experience is unique.
This is a once-in-a-lifetime experience.

Perceived Value of a Service (Petrick, 2002)

Quality

is outstanding quality.
is very reliable.
is very dependable.
is very consistent.

Emotional Response

makes me feel good.
gives me pleasure.
gives me a sense of joy.
makes me feel delighted.
gives me happiness.

Monetary Price

is a good buy.
is worth the money.
is fairly priced.
is reasonably priced.
is economical.
appears to be a good bargain.

Behavioral Price

is easy to buy.
required little energy to purchase.
is easy to shop for.
required little effort to buy.
is easily bought.

Reputation

has good reputation is well respected.
is well thought of has status.
is reputable.

Predisposition towards an Ad holding a Celebrity (Fleck, Korchia, & Le Roy, 2012)

I like the idea that [celebrity Y] appears in an ad for [brand X].
I appreciate seeing [celebrity Y] in an ad for [brand X].
[celebrity Y] in an ad for [brand X] is something I like.

Preference for Natural Food (Dickson-Spillman, Siegrist, & Keller, 2011)

I do not care about additives in my daily diet.
I try to eat foods that do not contain additives.
I would like to eat only organically grown vegetables.
I do not eat processed foods, because I do not know what they contain.

Price Acceptability (Monroe, 1992)

What would be the most you would be willing to pay for the product described above? $____________.
Ideally you would like to have any product for free. However, realistically speaking, what would be the lowest price you would be willing to pay for the product described above? $_____________.
What is the amount that you will normally spend to buy this product? $________.

Price Acceptability (Lichtenstein, Bloch, & Black, 1988)

The most I would pay for a pair of running shoes is $_______.
The least I would pay for a pair of running shoes is $_______.

Price-Consciousness (Darden & Perreault, 1976)

I shop a lot for “specials.”
I find myself checking the prices in the grocery store even for small items.
I usually watch the advertisements for announcements of sales.
A person can save a lot of money by shopping around for bargains.
I check the prices even for inexpensive items.
I pay attention to sales and specials.
Clothing, furniture, appliances, … whatever I buy, I shop around to get the best prices.
I usually purchase the cheapest item.
I usually purchase items on sale only.
I will shop at more than one store to take advantage of low prices.

Price-Consciousness (Lichtenstein, Ridgway & Netemeyer, 1993)

I am not willing to go to extra effort to find lower prices.
I will grocery shop at more than one store to take advantage of low prices.
The money saved by finding low prices is usually not worth the time and the effort (r).
I would never shop at more than one store to find lower prices. (r)
The time it takes to find low prices is usually not worth the effort. (r)
I typically seek out cheap retail outlets to buy products for the house.

Price Consciousness (Wakefield & Inman, 2003)

I am willing to make an extra effort to find a low price for __________.
I will change what I had planned to buy in order to take advantage of a lower price for ______________.
I am sensitive to differences in prices of ____________.

Price Image (Keiser & Krum, 1976; Zielke, 2006; Popp & Woratschek, 2017)

The price of this brand is less than the price of other brands in this product group.
The price of this brand is rather low.
The regular price level (without special offers) of this brand is very low.
Products or services of this brand are cheaper than offers of other brands of the same quality.

Purchase intention (Doods, Monroe, & Grewal, 1991)

The likelihood of purchasing this product is ….
If I were going to buy this product, I would consider buying the model at the price shown.
At the price shown, I would consider buying the product.
The probability that I would consider buying the product is ….;
My willingness to buy the product is …
If I were going to buy a ___________, the probability of buying this model is ……..
I would purchase this ____________.

Purchase intention (Maxham & Netemeyer, 2002; 2003)

In the future, I intend to use ___________ for _____________ purchases.
If you were in the market for _______________, how likely would you be to use ______?
In the near future, I will not use __________ as my _____________ provider. (r)

Purchase intention (Burton, Garretson, & Valliquette, 1999; Kozup, Creyer, & Burton, 2003)

Would you be more likely or less likely to purchase the product, given the information shown? more likely / less likely
Given the information shown, how probable is it that you would consider the purchase of the product? very probable / not probable
How likely would you be to purchase the product, given the information shown? very likely / very unlikely

Purchase intention (Rodgers, 2004)

I’m likely to make a purchase / I’m unlikely to make a purchase.
I would like to have more information / I would not like to have more information.
I’m interested in _________ / I’m not interested in _____________.

Purchase intention (Chandran & Morwitz, 2005)

How likely are you to buy the product on offer? highly unlikely/highly likely
How probable is it that you will purchase the product on offer? highly improbable/highly probable
How certain is it that you will purchase this product? highly uncertain/highly certain
What chance is there that you will buy this product? no chance at all/very good chance

Purchase intention (Venkatesh & Goyal, 2010)

I plan to pay for the use of GPS navigation app in the future.
I intend to pay for the use of GPS navigation app in the future.
I predict I will pay for the use of GPS navigation app in the future.

Recovery satisfaction (Gelbrich, Gäthke, & Grégoire, 2015)

In my opinion, the hotel provided a satisfactory resolution to the problem on this particular occasion.
I am satisfied with the hotel’s handling of the problem.
I am satisfied with the hotel’s response to the problem.

Region of Origin of Wine Importance (Engelbrecht, Herbst, & Bruwer, 2014)

Some geographical areas produce better quality wines than others.
Some geographical areas are known for specific grape varieties, such as Sauvignon Blanc.
Some geographical areas are known for specific wine styles, such as dessert wines.
Buying wine from a specific geographical area gives me some reassurance about my purchase.
Wines from a specific geographical area offer better quality than those from a broad geographical area.
Knowing from what geographical area a wine is, helps me save time when choosing wine.
I prefer to buy wine that originates from a specific geographical area (region).

Retail Environment Design(Julie Steen, Brian N. Rutherford, Barry J. Babin & Joseph F. Hair, Jr., 2023)

Functional

Overall, the facility layout makes it easy to get where you want to go
In this store, the aisles are wide enough to pass through easily
It is easy to move around
Navigating the store is easy
There is plenty of space to walk down the aisles
The facility layout allows me to move around easily
The facility has a good functional layout
The store’s layout serves my purposes
The layout makes it easy to get around
It is easy to maneuver through this store
I found my way around easily
The store’s arrangement gives me enough space
The store is well organized
It is easy to walk around this store environment

Aesthetic

I like the interior decorating (e.g. style of furniture) at this store
The interior design is visually appealing
The store has a pleasing color scheme
The floor color scheme is attractive
The materials used inside the store are pleasing
This store is an “in-place” to go
The store’s interior is appealing
The architecture is attractive
The interior decor of this store is attractive
The facility is painted in attractive colors
The store’s interior layout is pleasing
The physical facilities are attractive
The store’s interior is painted in colors that appeal to me
The color palette in this store is appropriate
The store’s interior architecture gives it an appealing character
The colors used in this store appear to be currently fashionable
The ceiling decor is attractive
The interior wall color scheme is attractive
The style of interior accessories is fashionable
The facility is decorated in an attractive fashion
The decor of the store is pleasing to me
I feel good about the color
The color scheme is attractive
The use of color in the decor scheme adds excitement to this store
This store is stylish
I feel good about the interior

Lighting

The overall lighting level in this store is appropriate
The facility has good lighting
The store has good lighting
The lighting helps me find my way around the store
The lighting in this store is in the right place
The lighting in this store is bright enough
The lighting is excellent at this store
The store is well lit
The lighting in this store is appropriate for this setting
The lighting in this store allows me to easily read labels

Signage

The signs used (i.e., bathroom, enter, exit and smoking) are helpful to me
The signs in this store are large
The store’s signage is clear
The signage is informative
The facility has good signage
The store’s signage is relevant
The signs in the store are prominent
The amount of signage in this store is appropriate
The installed signboards in this store are helpful
The font on the signs is large enough
The signs in this store environment provide adequate direction
The store’s signage is readable

Risk Averseness (Donthu & Gilliland, 1996; Nenkov, Inman, & Hulland, 2008)

I would rather be safe than sorry.
I want to be sure before I purchase anything.
I avoid risky things.

Risk (Food Product Quality) (Tsiros & Heilman, 2005)

How likely is it that the following product will not meet your expectations as it approaches its expiration date?
How likely is it that the quality of the following product gets worse as the product approaches its expirations date?
How likely is it that consuming a spoiled product of the following grocery item may lead to a health risk?

Risk (General) (Campbell & Goodstein, 2001; Noseworth & Trudel, 2011)

not at all risky / extremely risky
not at all concerned / highly concerned
very unimportant / very important
not at all worried / very worried

Risk (General) (Cox & Cox, 2001)

Getting a __________ is risky.
__________ can lead to bad results.
__________ have uncertain outcomes.
Getting a __________ makes me feel anxious.
Getting a __________ would cause me to worry.

Risk (General) (Laroche, Yang, McDougall, & Bergeron, 2005)

There is a good chance I will make a mistake if I purchase __________.
I have a feeling that purchasing __________ will really cause me lots of trouble.
I will incur some risk if I buy __________ in the next twelve months.
__________ is a very risky purchase.

Risk (Performance) (DelVecchio & Smith, 2005)

I am certain that a __________ would work satisfactorily. (r)
You are likely to have problems with the performance of your __________.
If a __________ malfunctions, the consequences can be fairly severe.
Buying the wrong __________ can lead to very negative outcomes.
You need to be careful when buying a __________ since a lot can go wrong when you use it.
There is little that can go wrong when using a __________. (r)

Risk (Performance) (Gürhan-Canli & Batra, 2004)

The decision to purchase a(n) _______ involves high risk.
________ has the same chance as regular _______ of not performing as expected. (r)
The likelihood of _______ performing as expected is significantly lower than the likelihood of standard ______ performing as expected.

Risk (Performance) (Keh & Pang, 2010)

There was a high chance that there would be something wrong with this service or that it would not be delivered as promised.
There was a high chance that I would suffer some loss because this service would not be used well.
This service was extremely risky in terms of how it would perform.

Risk (Personal) (Tsiros & Heilman, 2005)

How likely are you to think less of yourself as an experienced shopper if you were to buy the following grocery item and then find that it did not meet your standards of quality?
How likely would guests in your home be to think less of you for serving them a poor quality product?
How likely would you be to feel financial angst from paying for the following product and then having it not perform up to its expectation?

Risk of Self-Service Technology (Meuter, Bitner, Ostrom, & Brown, 2005)

I fear using the self-service technology reduces the confidentiality of my __________ history.
I am unsure if the self-service technology performs satisfactorily.
Using the self-service technology infringes on my __________ privacy.
Overall, using the self-service technology is risky.

Responsible Consumption (Vijay Kumar Jain and Aditi Dahiya, Vikas Tyagi & Preeti Sharma, 2022)

Sustainable consumption

The adoption of sustainable products improves the environment
It minimizes the burden on the resources
It improves the longevity of resources
It contributes to the recycling of goods
It cut down the wastage of resources
Consumers must behave rationally

Rationality

Consuming economically is synonymous to be having rationally
Economical consumption is a step toward rationality
Rationality emphasis on conscious consumption
Reducing wastage would help people to act rationally
It promotes ethical buying

Ethical consumption

It is about boycotting products made that violate ethical standards
Fair trade certification motivates consumers to buy ethical products
It follows all environmental compliances

Local consumption

It reduces environmental pollution by reducing transportation
It removes the packaging requirement
Local consumption must be given priority
It contributes to the improvement of the local economy

Minimalism

It promotes living with less
It propagates a sense of what is important in life is essential
It saves valuable resources by cutting down unnecessary consumption
It helps consumers to behave sustainably

Satisfaction (Oliver & Swan, 1989; Reynolds & Betty, 1999; Price & Arnould, 1999) Directions: Please indicate how satisfied you were with your __________ by checking the space that best gives your answer.

displeased me / pleased me
disgusted with / contented with
very dissatisfied with / very satisfied with
did a poor job for me / did a good job for me
poor choice in buying from that ________ / wise choice in buying from that _________
unhappy with / happy with
bad value / good value
frustrating / enjoyable
very unfavorable / very favorable

Satisfaction (General) (Mattila & Wirtz, 2001; Mano & Oliver, 1993; Hausman, 2004)

This is one of the best ____________ I could have bought.
This _______________ is exactly what I need.
This _______________ hasn’t worked out as well as I thought it would. (r)
I am satisfied with my decisions to buy this _____________.
Sometimes I have mixed feelings about keeping it. (r)
My choice to buy this _______________ was a wise one.
If I could do it over again, I’d buy this ___________. (r)
I have truly enjoyed this _____________.
I feel bad about my decision to buy this __________. (r)
I am not happy that I bought this _______________. (r)
Owning this ______________ has been a good experience.
I’m sure it was the right thing to buy this ____________.

Satisfaction (General) (Crosby & Stephens, 1987; Eroglu & Machleit, 1990; Singh & Sabol, 2002)

satisfied / dissatisfied
pleased / displeased
favorable/unfavorable
pleasant/unpleasant
I like it very much / I didn’t like it at all
contented/frustrated
delighted / terrible

Satisfaction (General) (Magi, 2003)

How satisfied are you with your primary ______________? very dissatisfied / very satisfied.
How well does your primary ________________ match your expectations? not at all / completely.
Imagine a perfect _____________. How close to this ideal is your primary _________________? not at all close / very close

Satisfaction with Performance (Tsiros, Mittal, & Ross, 2004; Tsiros & Mittal, 2000)

_____________ is happy with _______________’s performance.
_____________ is satisfied with ______________’s performance.
_____________ is disappointed with ___________’s performance.
_____________ is pleased with _______________’s performance.

Satisfaction with Service (Voss, Parasuraman, & Grewal, 1998)

I was satisfied with the service provided.
I was delighted with the service provided.
I was unhappy with the service provided. (r)

Satisfaction with Service (Westbrook, 1980; Hui, Zhao, Fan, & Au, 2004)

I am satisfied with the service.
I feel pleased with what ______________ has done in the scenario.
The service met my needs very well.

Satisfaction with Shopping Experience (Seiders, Voss, Grewal, & Godfrey, 2005)

____________ takes care of product exchanges and returns promptly.
Any after-purchase problems I experience are quickly resolved at ___________.
It is easy to take care of returns and exchanges at __________.

Seamless Experience (Omnichannel Shopping) (Chang & Li, 2022)

Availability of links

When moving across different online touchpoints, the transition link launches and runs right away.
When moving across different online touchpoints, the transition link is easy to use.
When moving across different online touchpoints, the transition link is accessible and loads quickly.

Consistency of sales strategy

The product prices offered by the retailer are consistent across different touchpoints.
The product promotion activities offered by the retailer are consistent across different touchpoints.
The product categories offered by the retailer are consistent across different touchpoints.

Information visibility

I can check product inventory status of physical store across different online touchpoints.
I can keep track of my transaction records through different online touchpoints after making a transaction.
I can view the products (i.e., introduction of product functions, usage, etc.) through different online touchpoints in retailer’s physical store.

Simplicity of payment

The retailer provides quick payment method across different touchpoints.
The retailer provides convenient payment procedures across different touchpoints.
The retailer provides easy payment operations across different touchpoints.

Flexibility of fulfilment

The retailer supports “buy online and pick up in store” service option.
The retailer supports “buy offline and delivery to home” service option.
The retailer supports “buy online and return exchange offline” service option.

Convenience of sharing

I can share the products (and related information) I saw in the retailer’s physical store with others on social platforms conveniently.
In physical stores, I can share the products (and related information) with others on social platforms through mobile immediately.
I can easily search the products links in the retailer’s online store and communicate with others via its social media sharing function.

Self-Congruity (Destination) (Sirgy & Su, 2000)

This destination is consistent with how I see myself.
This destination is consistent with how I would like to see myself.
This destination is consistent with how I believe others see me.
This destination is consistent with how I would like others to see me.

Self-Efficacy (Sujan, Weitz, and Kumar 1994)

I’m good at selling.
It’s easy for me to put pressure on the customer.
I know the right thing to do in selling situations.
I find it easy to convince a client who has a different viewpointthan mine.
My temper is well-suited to sell.
I’m good at figuring out what the customer wants.
It’s easy for me to make clients see my point of view.

Self-Image Congruence with the Service Provider (Yim, Chan, & Hung, 2007; Chon, 1992; Sirgy, Grewal, Mangleburg, Park, Chon, Claiborne, Johar, & Berkman, 1997)

Visiting this ______________ helps achieve your image and character.
Visiting this ______________ helps reflect who you are.
Visiting this ______________ fits well with your image.
Customers similar to you visit this __________.

Sense of Belonging to Social Network Sites (Gao, Liu, & Li, 2017)

I feel a strong sense of being part of this SNS.
I enjoy myself as a member of this SNS.
I am very committed to this SNS.
Overall, there is a high level of morale in this SNS.

Sense of Belonging (Koh, Kim, & Kim, 2003)

My WeChat contacts are my close friends which I accessed via smartphones.
My WeChat contacts want to keep in touch with me which I accessed via smartphones.
I am one of the critical members in my WeChat community which I accessed via smartphones.
I am one of the indispensable members in my WeChat community which I accessed via smartphones.
I feel that I belong to the virtual community on the WeChat which I accessed via smartphones.

Sense of Belongingness (Kember & Leung, 2004; Park & Feinberg, 2010)

I feel a sense of belonging to my virtual community.
I am able to relate to the virtual community.
I feel that I have established a relationship with the virtual community.

Service Authenticity (Bae, 2020; Price, Arnould, & Tierney, 1995)

I felt that the service engineer provided authentic service.
I felt that the service engineer was sincere in his or her service.
The service engineer tried to repair the smartphone to the best of his ability.
I felt that the service of the service engineer was considerate.

Service Innovativeness (Leckie, Nyadzayo, & Johnson, 2018)

This travel agency services are new.
This travel agency services are unique.
This travel agency services are original.
This travel agency services are different.

Service System Well-Being(Gaurangi Laud, Cindy Yunhsin Chou & Wei Wei Cheryl Leo,2022)

Existential well-being

Our [service system] provides us a sense of purpose
Our [service system] provides us a sense of meaning
Our [service system] helps us feel committed to our purpose

Transformative Well-being

encourages us to attend formal developmental activities (e.g. training, seminars,etc.)
Our [service system] offers guidance on professional development
Our [service system] offers learning opportunities to improve ourselves
Our [service system] offers avenues to apply new skills and knowledge
Our [service system] encourages us to develop skills that contributes to our betterment

Collaborative Well-being

Our [service system] encourages us to develop close relations with each other
Our [service system] helps us maintain cooperative relationships
Our [service system] supports us in considering each other as collaborators
Our [service system] encourages us to have mutually beneficial relationships with each other
Our [service system] encourages us to work through difficult situations together

Community Well-being

Our [service system] connects us with external stakeholders (i.e. suppliers, volunteers, etc.)
Our [service system] gets us resources from external stakeholders
Our [service system] provides us with a sense of belonging to external stakeholders
Our [service system] is good at influencing external stakeholders
Our [service system] encourages us to think from an external stakeholder’s perspective
Our [service system] ensures we meet the needs of our external stakeholders

Social Well-being

Our [service system] provides social connections
Our [service system] offers social connections that are accepting of others
Our [service system] has social connections that care about each other
When under pressure, our [service system] provides supportive social connections
Our [service system] has social connections that offer enjoyable experiences

Governance Well-being

Our [service system] provides effective policies
Our [service system] provides detailed and accurate information about procedures
Our [service system] offers confidentiality through policies

Leadership Well-being

Our [service system] offers leadership that supports individual’s overall development
Our [service system] has leaders who recognise individuals’ efforts
Our [service system] has leaders that foster cooperation between individuals
Our [service system] has leaders who encourage innovative thinking

Resource Well-being

Our [service system] provides easy access to physical resources (e.g. information, technology, meeting facilities, etc.)
Our [service system] offers convenient access to a variety of resources
Our [service system] provides easy access to intangible resources (e.g. knowledge)
Our [service system] provides timely access to resources

Strategic Well-being

Our [service system] sets long-term objectives for innovation
Our [service system] supports us in developing new service offerings
Our [service system] encourages us to identify and communicate new opportunities
Our [service system] monitors its commitment to innovation

Life Satisfaction

In most ways my current life is close to my ideal life
The conditions in life are excellent
I Am satisfied with my life
So far, I have got the important things I want in life

Customer orientation

I enjoy responding quickly to my customers’ request
I get satisfaction from making my customers happy
I really enjoy serving my customers
I find it easy to smile at each of my customer

Sensory Experience at Farm-to-Table Events (Tonny Menglun Kuo, Chyong-Ru Liu, Yao-Chin Wang & Hsuan Chen, 2024)

Attractiveness of the dining environment

The layout of the dining area was integrated with the landscape of the producing area and had a local feel.
The spatial layout of the dining area was ingeniously designed and reflected the historical and cultural style of the region.
The event decorations fused local elements such as local crops and sceneries.
The decorations displayed at this event showcased the local agricultural culture.
The plant and floral arrangement of the event brought out the best of the local crops.
The tableware and table setting at this event complemented the natural scenery of the producing area.
The dining table and chairs selected visually harmonized with the theme of the event.
The dining environment of this event had a stylistic consistency in the various decorations, helping to visually deepen the story of the theme.
This event brought me visual stimulation through the design of experience activities in the producing area and allowed me to immerse in the theme of the event.

Food presentation

The food presentation at this event was like a work of art, as each dish was very well visually presented.
The colors and composition of the food presentation reflected the theme of the event.
The entire menu of this event was wonderfully curated that it visually told a complete story.

Ambient sound

The service staff at this event would lower their voice when working close to our table, so I would not be disturbed by the sounds they were making.
The speaking voice of the guests to the service staff was mellow and no rude conversations were heard.
I could hear the natural surrounding at the event, which was relaxing.
At the event, I could hear the joy and laughter of other guests and children, taking me back to the innocence and simplicity of the countryside.

Server’s warm greeting

During the meal, the greetings from the service staff at the event were cordial and friendly.
During the meal, the greetings from the service staff at the event made me feel like a valued guest.
When sending off guests, the farewell of the service staff at this event made me feel warm and fuzzy.

Touch of the dining environment

The tables and chairs at this event felt very good and comfortable to use or sit on.
The tableware, tablecloths and napkins on the table at this event felt very good to the touch and made me feel comfortable.
Different dishes were served in their own vessels, and their texture conveyed the theme of the event.

Smell and taste of the cuisine

The design of the food and dishes at this event was ingeniously planned to allow me to experience a variety of oral sensations (such as, crunchy, hard, smooth, soft, and tender) throughout the tasting process.
Even though each single dish was made from multiple ingredients, they blended together just right without any conflicting tastes.
The chef’s unique and rare cooking method created some memorable local flavors.
Some of the more common ingredients found in the dishes at this event tasted excitingly new after putting them in the mouth, allowing me to taste the novelty of a combination of ingredients.
The dishes served at this event were prepared with a variety of ingredients that blended together to create a new smell.
The chef put a lot of thought into the design of aromas, using cooking techniques and food vessels to achieve the aromatic effects when the dishes were served.

Food Healthiness

The food at this event were prepared to be eaten without any health burden.
The dishes at this event were made from fresh local ingredients.
The dishes served at this event still retained the original flavors of the main ingredients.

Ambient aroma

The smell of the dining space of this event was pleasant.
The scent-emitting objects used during the meal complemented the theme of the event.
The seasonal dishes of this event were designed according to the floral and fruity scents of the natural surroundings in each season.

Shopping Mall Experience (Gilboa, Vilnai-Yavetz, & Chebat, 2018)

Seductive Experience

When I am in the mall, I feel that I give in to temptation.
When I am in the mall, I feel this uncontrollable urge to buy something.
When I am in the mall, I spend large sums of money without having planned to do so.
When I am in the mall, I enjoy going around holding bags in my hands.

Functional Experience

I come to the mall only when I need something specific.
I shop in the mall only when I have no other choice.
When I am in the mall, I don’t simply wander in and out of stores.
When I am in the mall, the moment I have purchased what I came to get, I leave.

Social Recreation Experience

The mall is a place for social recreation.
I like to walk through malls.
The mall is a fun place to spend time with friends and family.
The mall is a pleasant place to spend time.

Social Scene Experience

When I am in the mall, I often meet people I know.
When I’m at the mall, I go straight to the store I need.
When I am in the mall, I sometimes meet people from my past who I don’t particularly like.
In the mall you can meet interesting people.

Short-form Video App Addiction (Choi & Lim, 2016)

I have difficulties in focusing on my study or work due to this short-form video app.
I lose sleep over spending more time on this short-form video app.
This short-form video app interferes with doing social activities.
My family or friends think that I spend too much time on this short-form video app.
I feel anxious if I cannot access to this short-form video app.
I have attempted to spend less time on this short-form video app but have not succeeded.

Smartphone Application-Based Addiction (SABAS, Csibi, Griffiths, Cook, Demetrovics, & Szabo, 2018)

My smartphone is the most important thing in my life.
My smartphone use results in conflicts.
Preoccupying myself with my smartphone is a way of changing my mood.
I fiddle around more and more with my smartphone.
If I cannot use my smartphone when I feel like, I feel sad.
If I try to cut the time I use my smartphone, I end up using it as much or more than before.

Social Comparison (Gibbons & Buunk, 1999)

Ability

I often compare how my loved ones (boy or girlfriend, family members, etc.) are doing with how others are doing.
I always pay a lot of attention to how I do things compared with how others do things.
If I want to find out how well I have done something, I compare what I have done with how others have done.
I often compare how I am doing socially (e.g. social skills, popularity) with other people.

Opinion

I often like to talk with others about mutual opinions and experiences.
I often try to find out what others think who face similar problems as I face.
I always like to know what others in a similar situation would do.
If I want to learn more about something, I try to find out what others think about it.
I never consider my situation in life relative to that of other people (reversed).

Social Interaction Anxiety (Alkis, Kadirhan, & Sat, 2017)

I feel anxious when talking with people I have just met.
I feel nervous when I talk with people I do know very well.
I feel uneasy while making new friends.
I feel tense when I met someone for the first time.
I am afraid of interacting with others.
I feel nervous when I have to talk with others about myself.

Social Media Brand Engagement (Chahal, Wirtz, & Verma, 2020) Utilitarian

Interested in receiving company’s communications about products via SM.
Follow regular updates of product launches on SM.
Like to browse SM to extract product information.
Useful for gathering information about product or service.

Hedonic

Motivated to participate in SM community to explore and to spend time.
Motivated to express myself freely on SM.
Motivated to participate in SM community because it makes me feel better.

Social

Like to talk and learn about products on SM.
Like to share my opinions about product with others in the SM community.

Social Media [Facebook] Addiction (Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012)

How often during the last year have you …

Salience

Spent a lot of time thinking about Facebook or planned use of Facebook?
Thought about how you could free more time to spend on Facebook?
Thought a lot about what has happened on Facebook recently?

Tolerance

Spent more time on Facebook than initially intended?
Felt an urge to use Facebook more and more?
Felt that you had to use Facebook more and more in order to get the same pleasure from it?

Mood modification

Used Facebook in order to forget about personal problems?
Used Facebook to reduce feelings of guilt, anxiety, helplessness, and depression?
Used Facebook in order to reduce restlessness?

Relapse

Experienced that others have told you to reduce your use of Facebook but not listened to them?
Tried to cut down on the use of Facebook without success?
Decided to use Facebook less frequently, but not managed to do so?

Withdrawal

Become restless or troubled if you have been prohibited from using Facebook?
Become irritable if you have been prohibited from using Facebook?
Felt bad if you, for different reasons, could not log on to Facebook for some time?`

Conflict

Used Facebook so much that it has had a negative impact on your job/studies?
Given less priority to hobbies, leisure activities, and exercise because of Facebook?
Ignored your partner, family members, or friends because of Facebook?

Social Media Addiction (Andreassen, Bilieux, Griffiths, Kuss, Demetrovics, Mazzoni, & Pallesen, 2016)

How often during the last year have you …

… spent a lot of time thinking about social media or planned use of social media?
… felt an urge to use social media more and more?
… used social media to forget about personal problems?
… tried to cut down on the use of social media without success?
… become restless or troubled if you have been prohibited from using social media?
… used social media so much that it has has a negative impact on your job/studies?

Stress (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995; Durante & Laran, 2016)

I find it hard to wind down.
I find it difficult to relax.
I have a lot of nervous energy.
I am in a state of nervous tension.
I find myself getting upset.
I find myself getting agitated.
I find that I am very irritable.
I feel that I am rather touchy.

Stress (Baker & Wakefield, 2012; Lucia-Palacios, Perez-Lopez, & Polo-Redondo, 2018)

How often did you experience the following sensations in the establishment ___?

Frenzy
Tension
Anxiety
Nervousness
Acceleration

Stress (Baker & Wakefield, 2012; Albrecht, Hattula, & Lehmann, 2017)

While I was shopping in the store, I felt

… tense
… panicky
… hectic
… frenzied
… rushed

Sustainable Consumption (Kavita Miadaira Hamza, Fernando Antonio de Melo Pereira Lhamas & Mathew Parackal, 2023)

Activism

I believe people should encourage their friends not to use products that pollute or harm the environment.
I try to influence the consumption of people in my social circle, even if they do not share the same values.
I participate in activities of environmental preservation.
Whenever I see people consuming in a manner I do not consider adequate, I question them.

I would be willing to increase my expenses by 20% to use natural resources more adequately.
I usually make conscious efforts to limit the use of products made from scarce resources.
I am willing to make personal sacrifices to reduce pollution, even if
immediate results are not significant.
I consider the environmental potential of my actions in many of my
decisions.

Communitarianism

I avoid doing all my shopping in large stores (big retailers and multinational companies).
I avoid consuming industrially produced items as much as possible.
I try to help local commerce in my region when I shop.

I refrain from buying products that have too much packaging.
I substitute products I usually buy for ecological reasons.
I change my shopping habits because of my concern with the environment.
I avoid using products or services that harm the environment.
I generally buy products that come in recyclable packaging.
I generally buy products that pollute less.

Healthy food

I try to choose food without additives.
I try to have a healthy eating habit.
I try to eat as little processed/industrialized food as possible.

PCE

I believe every consumer can have a positive effect on society by buying products from socially responsible companies.
I believe all consumers should be interested in the environmental consequences of the products they buy.
I believe that I can influence people to consume in a better way through my example.

I try to attend conferences about sustainability.
I try to read newspapers, magazines, and blogs about sustainability.
I have found information online that has made me change my consumption pattern.

SoC

I usually buy products from companies that help victims of natural disasters.
I usually buy products from companies that hire people with special needs.
I generally buy products from companies that help underprivileged people.
I usually buy products whose profits are partially donated to humanitarian causes.
I usually buy fair trade products to contribute to a better world.

I am a sustainable consumer.
I am interested in sustainability.
I am concerned about issues related to sustainability.

Abbreviations: DV, dependent variables; EC, environmental concern; PCE, perceived consumer effectiveness; PS, personal sacrifice; SI, search for information; SoC, social concern.

Technology Anxiety (Meuter, Ostrom, Bitner, & Roundtree, 2003)

I am confident I can learn technology-related skills.
I have difficulty understanding most technological matters.
I feel apprehensive about using technology.
When given the opportunity to use technology, I fear I might damage it in some way.
I am sure of my ability to interpret technological output.
Technological terminology sounds like confusing jargon to me.
I have avoided technology because it is unfamiliar to me.
I am able to keep up with important technological advances.
I hesitate to use technology for fear of making mistakes I cannot correct.

Technology Anxiety (Hohenberger, Sporrle, & Welpe, 2017)

I would be afraid to use a [semi-]automated car for fear of making mistakes that cannot be corrected.
I would be afraid that I could cause (e.g. by pushing a button) a malfunction (e.g. emergency brake) by using a [semi-]automated car.
I would be afraid of using a [semi-]automated car.

Technology-induced Anxiety (Kummer, Recker, & Bick, 2017)

Relational anxieties

Such a system contradicts ethical values.
In such a system, the personal component of treatment will be lost.
For ethical reasons, I would be reluctant to have more to do with technological devices

Surveillance anxieties

The idea that I would be under surveillance frightens me.
I find it objectionable when I do not know what will be recorded.
It would bother me that others see my errors.
It disturbs me that the system permanently monitors me.

Work related anxieties

The usage of the system will have negative consequences for me.
Such a system will lead to work more overtime.
The system will reduce appreciation of my work.
The system will be an additional burden.

Technostress (Ragu-Nathan, Tarafdar, & Ragu-Nathar, 2008)

I am forced by my mobile phone to live with very tight time schedules.
I am forced to change habits to adapt to new developments in mobile phones.
I have to sacrifice my personal time to keep current on new mobile phone technologies.
I feel my personal life is being invaded by mobile phone technologies.
I do not find enough time to study and upgrade my technology skills on mobile phones.
I am threatened by people with newer mobile phone technology skills.

Trust (Coulter & Coulter, 2002)

My service provider….

is trustworthy;
keeps my dealings with him confidential;
is honest;
has a great deal of integrity;
brings high standards to his/her work;
is a person with principles.

Trust (Suh & Han, 2002)

This Internet banking site is trustworthy.
I trust in the benefits of the decisions of  this Internet banking site.
This Internet banking site keeps its promises and commitments.
This Internet banking site keeps customers’ best interests in mind.
This Internet banking site would do the  job right even if not monitored.
I trust this Internet banking site.

Trust (Pavlou, 2003)

This Web retailer is trustworthy.
This Web retailer is one that keeps promises and commitments.
I trust this Web retailer because they keep my best interests in mind.

Usage Intention (Chen, Meservy, & Gillenson, 2012)

I intend to use this app.
It is likely that I will use this app.
I expect to use this app.

Value for Money (Grewal, Monroe, & Krishnan, 1998)

If I bought a product made of ocean plastic, I feel I would be getting my money’s worth.
If I acquired a product made of ocean plastic, I think I would be getting good value for the money I spend.
I feel that acquiring a product made of ocean plastic meets both my quality and price requirement.

Vendor Transparency (Eggert & Helm, 2003)

We exchange relevant information with our supplier on a regular basis.
We are well aware of our supplier’s economic situation.
We are well aware of our supplier’s organizational structure.
We are well aware of our supplier’s technical abilities.
Our supplier’s business processes appear to be transparent.

Virtual try-on Service Experiences (Virginie Lavoye and Jenni Sipilä, Joel Mero & Anssi Tarkiainen, 2023)

Fashion condition

Self-presence
Self-explorative engagement
Brand cognitive processing
Brand attitude

Beauty condition

Self-presence
Self-explorative engagement
Brand cognitive processing
Brand attitude

Virtual Brand Experience (Heejun Lee & Chang-Hoan Cho, 2022)

Brand engagement

I have a special bond with the brand
I consider this brand to be a part of myself
I feel as if I have a special connection with the brand
Part of me is defined by the brand in my life
I consider this brand to be important as myself
This brand is an important indication of who I am

Brand comprehension

How much do you know about the brand compared with before you watch (or experience) the VR/AR ad?
How much would you say you know about the brand compared with before you watch (or experience) the VR/AR ad?

Ad attitude

I like the ad
The ad impresses me favorably
I am satisfied with the ad

Brand attitude

Good/Bad
Favorable/Unfavorable
Pleasant/Unpleasant

Purchase intention

Likely/Unlikely
Probable/Improbable
Possible/Impossible

Website Usability (Kirakowski, Claridge, & Whitehand, 1998)

Everything on this website is easy to understand.
This website is simple to use even for the first time.
Finding the information I need on this website is simple.
The content structure on this website is easy to understand.
It is easy to find your way around this website.
The way in which the content on this site is organized enables me to know where I am when I browse through the different pages.
When I am browsing this site I feel in control of what I can do.

Willingness to Pay (Stocchi, Michaelidou, & Micevski, 2019)

I am willing to pay to keep using this app.
I am willing to pay a small fee for the app upgrades.

Word of mouth (Hypothetical) (Fuchs, Prandelli, & Schreier, 2010)

I would recommend the products in this collection to my friends.
I would “talk these __________ up” to other.
I would try to spread the word about these products.

Word-of-mouth (Hypothetical) (Gelbrich, 2011)

I would recommend this ___________ to my friends.
If my friends were looking for __________, I would tell them to try this ___________.
I would advise my friends to buy _____________ from this _____________.

Word-of-mouth (Negative) (Grégoire & Fisher, 2008; Grégoire, Tripp, & Legoux, 2009)

I spread negative word-of-mouth about _________.
I denigrated ___________ to my friends.
When my friends were looking for a _________, I told them not to buy from ________.

Word-of-mouth intention (Positive) (Bruggen, Foubert, & Gremier, 2011; McGregor, 2006)

I am likely to say positive things about this ________ to other people.
I am likely to recommend this __________ to a friend or colleague.
I am likely to say positive things about __________ in general to other people.
I am likely to encourage friends and relatives to ____________.

Word-of-mouth communication (Gremler & Gwinner, 2000)

I encourage friends and relatives to do business with this bank.
I recommend this bank whenever anyone seeks my advice.
When the topic of banks comes up in conversation, I go out of my way to recommend this bank.
I have actually recommended this bank to my friends.

INDIVIDUAL VARIABLES

Awe Experience (Yaden, Kaufman, Hyde, Chirico, Gaggioli, Zhang, & Keltner, 2019)

Time

I sensed things momentarily slow down.
I noticed time slowing
I felt my sense of time change.
I experienced the passage of time differently.

Self-loss

I felt that my sense of self was diminished.
I felt my sense of self shrink.
I experienced a reduced sense of self.
I felt my sense of self become somehow smaller.

Connectedness

I had the sense of being connected to everything.
I felt a sense of communion with all living things.
I experienced a sense of oneness with all things.
I had a sense of complete connectedness.

Vastness

I felt that I was in the presence of something grand.
I experienced something greater than myself.
I felt in the presence of greatness.
I perceived something that was much larger than me.

Physiological

I felt my jaw drop.
I had goosebumps.
I gasped.
I had chills.

Accommodation

I felt challenged to mentally process what I was experiencing.
I found it hard to comprehend the experience in full.
I felt challenged to understand the experience.
I struggled to take in all that I was experiencing at once.

Connectedness to Nature (Mayer & Frantz, 2004)

I often feel a sense of oneness with the natural world around me.
I think of the natural world as a community to which I belong.
I recognize and appreciate the intelligence of other living organisms.
I often feel disconnected from nature.
When I think of my life, I imagine myself to be part of a larger cyclical process of living.
I often feel a kinship with animals and plants.
I feel as though I belong to the Earth as equally as it belongs to me.
I have a deep understanding of how my actions affect the natural world.
I often feel part of the web of life.
I feel that all inhabitants of Earth, human, and nonhuman, share a common ‘life force’.
Like a tree can be part of a forest, I feel embedded within the broader natural world.
When I think of my place on Earth, I consider myself to be a top member of a hierarchy that exists in nature.
I often feel like I am only a small part of the natural world around me, and that I am no more important than the grass on the ground or the birds in the trees.
My personal welfare is independent of the welfare of the natural world.

Ethical Sensitivity (Toti & Moulins, 2017)

Personal ethical sensitivity

I am against injustice in all its forms.
I have respect for others (their culture, privacy, personality, etc.)
I am sensitive to the well-being of others.
It is important for me not to harm others.

Interpersonal ethical sensitivity

The interests of others take precedence over my personal interests.
I consider the interests of others in my decision-making.
The gift (of money, time, blood, objects, etc.) makes me feel useful.
Volunteering is essential for the life of the community.

Frugality (Rick, Cryder, & Loewenstein, 2007)

If you take good care of your possessions, you will definitely save money in the long run.
There are many things that are normally thrown away that are still quite useful.
Making better use of my resources makes me feel good.
If you can re-use an item you already have, there’s no sense in buying something new.
I believe in being careful in how I spend my money.
I discipline myself to get the most from my money.
I am willing to wait on a purchase I want so that I can save money.
There are things I resist buying today so I can save for tomorrow.

Health Consciousness (Gould, 1990)

I reflect about my health a lot.
I am very self-conscious about my health.
I am generally attentive to my inner feelings about my health.
I am constantly examining my health.
I am alert to changes in my health.
I am usually aware of my health.
I am aware of the state of my health as I go through the day.
I notice how I feel physically as I go through the day.
I am very involved with my health.

Health Consciousness (Jung, Shin, Severt, & Crowe-White, 2020)

I choose food carefully to ensure good health.
I think of myself as a health-conscious consumer.
I often think about my health issues.

Love of Nature (Dong, Liu, Li, Yang, Liang, & Deng, 2020)

Passion for nature

I cannot imagine anything else I own making me as happy as nature does.
Sometimes just seeing nature can be very exciting for me.
When I cannot be around nature, I find myself longing to see it.
The day I touched nature was a dream come true for me.

Intimacy with nature

I know details about nature that are of little interest to most other people.
I feel I really understand nature.
I enjoy spending time in nature.
I am happy to share myself and my resources with nature.
I am always interested in learning more about nature.

Commitment to nature

I would like to always keep in touch with nature.
I can’t image leaving nature.
Nature is irreplaceable.

Political Identity (Mehrabian, 1996)

Please indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the following statement: (1) Strongly disagree————————————(7) Strongly agree

I am politically more liberal than conservative. (R)
In any election, given a choice between a Republican and Democratic candidate, I will select the Republican over the Democrat.
Communism has proven to be a failed political ideology.
I cannot see myself ever voting to elect conservative candidates. (R)
The major national media are too left-wing for my taste.
Socialism has many advantages over capitalism. (R)
On balance, I lean politically more to the left than to the right. (R)

Political Identity (Jung & Mittal, 2019)

On the scale below, please indicate which best represents your political identity (1) Strongly liberal ————————(7) Strongly conservative

How would you describe your views on social issue?
(1) Strongly liberal ————————(7) Strongly conservative
How would you describe your views on economic issue?
(1) Strongly liberal ————————(7) Strongly conservative
Which category best describes your political affiliation?
(1) Strong Democrat ———————- (7) Strong Republican
If you were to vote in the 2020 presidential election, how likely would you vote for the following candidate? (1) Definitely would not——————-(100) Definitely would • Donald Trump • Bernie Sanders • Elizabeth Warren • Joe Biden

Political Identity (Kidwell, Farmer, & Hardesty, 2013)

Please indicate the extent to which you are in favor or against the following items: (1) Strongly favor ——————————-(7) Strongly against

Capital punishment (R)
Abortion
Gun control
Socialized health care
Same-sex marriage
Illegal immigration
Democrats

Religiosity (Worthington, Wade, Hight, Ripley, McCullough, Berry & O’Connor, 2003)

I consider myself active in my faith (I spend some time in temple or mosque).
Religion is especially important to me because it answers many questions about the meaning of life.
My religious faith is extremely important to me.
It is important for me to spend periods of time in private religious thought and prayer.
My religious beliefs influence many of my decisions and dealings in life.
I look to my faith as a source of comfort.
I keep well informed about my local religious group and have influence in its decisions.
I make financial contributions to my religious organization.
I enjoy participating in the activities of my religious organization.

Religiosity Orientation (Mortimer, Fazal e Hasan, Grimmer, & Grimmer, 2020)

Intrinsic Religiosity

I try to carry my religion over into all other dealings in my life.
My religious beliefs are what really lie behind my whole approach to life.
My religion is especially important to me because it answers many questions about the meaning of life.

Social Extrinsic Religiosity

Although I am a religious person, I refuse to let religious consideration influence my everyday affairs.
Occasionally I find it necessary to compromise my religious beliefs in order to protect my social interests.
It does not matter so much what I believe, so long as I lead a more life.
I pray because I have been taught to pray.
A primary reason for my interest in religion is that my place of worship has social activities.

Personal Extrinsic Religiosity

The primary purpose of prayer is to gain personal relief and protection.
The purpose of prayer is to secure a happy and peaceful life.
What religion offers me most is personal comfort when times get tough.

Scientific Orientation Scale (Plank & Gould, 1990)

I’m very scientific about my health.
I talk about the latest in science.
I keep up with the latest scientific health information.
I have great faith in science and scientists.
I carefully evaluate scientific reports in the news for their truth and validity.

Self-objectification (Talmon & Ginzburg, 2016)

Invisibility

When I ask someone for something, I can ask again and again and again and still nothing happens.
Sometimes when someone is looking at me, I feel that he or she does not really see me.
When I say what I feel, other people pay no attention.
Sometimes I feel that others take no notice of me, as if I’m not even in the room.
Sometimes I feel like shouting just to let others know that I exist.
Sometimes I feel invisible.
Sometimes when there is a conversation, I’m not included, and the words just seem to fly right over me.
Many times people ignore my feelings.
I feel that others think I have no desires of my own.
Sometimes people think that their needs are more important than mine.

Lack of Autonomy

When I’m in the company of others, I let them make the decisions, even when these decisions concern me.
When people don’t consider my wishes, I don’t object.
Sometimes other people make decisions for me.
I don’t let anyone treat me disrespectfully.
People act as if they can do with me as they please.
Sometimes when people ask me what I want, I don’t know how to respond.
I don’t feel comfortable demanding others to treat me properly.
Sometimes it seems as if my role is to satisfy the desires of others.

Sensation Seeking (Meng & Han, 2018)

I like to explore strange places.
I prefer friends who are exciting and unpredictable.
I like to do frightening things.
I like to try adventurous activities.
I like new and exciting experiences.
I like wild parties.

Sustainable Consumption Behavior (Quoquab, Mohammad, & Sukari, 2019)

Quality of Life

I always try hard to reduce miss-use of goods and services (e.g. I switch off light and fan when I am not in the room).
I recycle daily newspaper (e.g. use as pet’s litter box, etc).
I avoid being extravagant in my purchase.
I avoid over use/consumption of goods and services (e.g. take print only when needed).
I reuse paper to write on the other side.
While dining in restaurant, I order food(s) only the amount that I can eat in order to avoid wasting food.
I choose to buy product(s) with biodegradable container or packaging.
I don’t like to waste food or beverage.
I recycle my old stuffs in every possible ways (e.g. distribute old clothes among needy people).
I reuse shopping bag(s) every time go for shopping.
I plan carefully before I purchase product or service.

Care for Environmental Well-being

I do care for the natural environment.
I use eco-friendly products and services.
I purchase and use products which are environmental friendly.
I often pay extra money to purchase environmentally friendly product (e.g. organic food).
I am concerned about the shortage of the natural resources.
I prefer to use paper bag since it is biodegradable.
I love our planet.

Care for the future generation

I always remember that my excess consumption can create hindrance for the future generation to meet up their basic needs.
I care for the need fulfillment of the next generation.
I often think about future generation’s quality of life.
I try to control my desire of excessive purchase for the sake of future generation.
I am concerned about the future generation.
I try to minimise the excess consumption for the sake of preserving environmental resources for the future generation.

Technology Anxiety (Meuter, Bitner, Ostrom, & Brown, 2005)

I feel apprehensive about using technology.
Technical terms sound like confusing jargon to me.
I have avoided technology because it is unfamiliar to me.
I hesitate to use most forms of technology for fear of making mistakes I cannot correct.

Tolerance for Ambiguity (Herman, Stevens, Bird, Mendenhall, & Oddou, 2010)

I avoid settings where people don’t share my values.
I can enjoy being with people whose values are very different from mine.
I would like to live in a foreign country.
I like to surround myself with things that are familiar to me.
The sooner we all acquire similar values and ideals the better.
I can be comfortable with nearly all kinds of people.
If given a choice, I will usually visit a foreign country rather than vacation at home.
A good teacher is one who makes you wonder about your way of looking at things.
A good job is one where what is to be done and how it is to be done are always clear.
A person how leads an even, regular life in which few surprises or unexpected happenings arise really has a lot to be grateful for.
What we are used to is always preferable to what is unfamiliar.
I like parties where I know most of the people more than ones where all or most of the people are complete strangers.

Tolerance for Ambiguity (McQuarrie & Mick, 1992)

I like movies or stories with definite endings. (r)
I always want to know what people are laughing at. (r)
I would like to live in a foreign country for a while.
A good job is one where what is to be done and how it is to be done are always clear. (r)
I tend to like obscure or hidden symbolism.
It really disturbs me when I am unable to follow another person’s train of thought. (r)
I am tolerant of ambiguous situations.
A poem should never contain contradictions. (r)
Vague and impressionistic pictures appeal to me more than realistic pictures.
I don’t like to work on a problem unless there is a possibility of coming out with a clear-cut and unambiguous answer. (r)
Generally, the more meanings a poem has, the better I like it.
I like parties where I know most of the people more than ones where all or most of the people are complete strangers. (r)

Voluntary Simplicity (Values) (Shama & Wisenblit, 1984)

I believe in material simplicity, i.e., buying and consuming only what I need.
I believe in “small is beautiful,” e.g., I prefer smaller cars over large cars.
I believe that product function is usually more important than its style.
I am interested in personal growth more than economic growth.
I am determined to have more control over my life as a consumer, e.g., stay away from installment buying.
I consider myself ecologically responsible.

WhatsApp Status Updates Motivation(Murugan Pattusamy & Prasanta Kr Chopdar, 2023)

To seek special attention
To seek appreciation from others
Due to fear of missing out on my connections
To be more popular among my contacts
To stay more connected
To create social interaction among friends
To communicate with many closed contacts at the same time
To keep in touch with friends
To communicate more easily
To strengthen relationships with friends
To start casual conversations
To take a stand on a particular matter or issue
To endorse interesting things or topics
To share my view on certain topics with my contacts
To express my views or opinions
To share political issues
To emphasize a certain event, thing or people
To stimulate other peoples’ thinking
To share my life updates
To share special occasions in my life
To share my happiness with others
To share past memories with my friends
To motivate others
Related to inspirational quotes
Just to motivate myself
To spread positivity among my contacts
To share charity related information
To raise funds for charitable causes
To share job details with others
To entertain my friends with hilarious jokes
To share funny contents

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